differentiation under limited gene flow is expected to characterize species of subterranean
rodents (Patton, 1985; Wlasiuk et al., 2003; Alvarez-Castañeda and Patton, 2004; El Jundi
and Freitas, 2004; Mora et al., 2006). An assessment of population structure and processes,
especially estimation of critical population parameters such as gene flow could be the key
to understanding the evolutionary dynamics of the group (Wlasiuk et al., 2003).
The species of the genus Ctenomys inhabit the southern part of the Neotropical
realm, from 17°S to 54°S latitude and from the Andes to the Atlantic Ocean (Reig et al.,
1990). This is the most speciose group of all subterranean rodents, and they are among the
most geographically variable mammals (Reig et al., 1990; Cook and Lessa, 1998; Lessa
and Cook, 1998; Lessa, 2000; Slamovits et al., 2001; Castillo et al., 2005).
Ctenomys minutus Nehring, 1887, occurs in southern Brazil, along a 500 km stretch
of the coastal plain from Jaguaruna Beach in the state of Santa Catarina to the city of São
José do Norte in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (Figure 1; Freygang et al., 2004). This
species occupies second, third, and fourth barrier-lagoon systems, formed during the
Pleistocene-Holocene periods in the course of four transgressive-regressive changes in the
level of the Atlantic Ocean (Villwoock et al., 1986). In the northern portion of its
distribution, it occupies sandy fields and dunes (first dunes line), while to the south near
Barros Lake, the animals live only in sandy fields (second dunes line) (Freitas, 1995). The
landscape of the coastal plain of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina is characterized by
lakes, lagoons, rivers, and dunes that can sometimes represent natural geographical barriers
to gene flow between different populations of Ctenomys that inhabit this region (Moreira et
al., 1991; Freitas, 2007; Fernández-Stolz, in prep.).
The populations of C. minutus have a notable chromosomal variation. Studies by
Freitas (1997), Gava and Freitas (2003), and Freygang et al. (2004) demonstrated the
existence of eleven different karyotypes for C. minutus (2n = 42, 46a, 46b, 47a, 47b, 48a,
48b, 49a, 49b, 50a and 50b). The chromosomal polymorphisms found are due to
Robertsonian rearrangements and tandem fusions. In the case of the same diploid number
with karyotypes described as “a” or “b”, the difference is based on rearrangements in
different chromosomes and a pericentric inversion in one chromosome for the “b” system
(Freitas, 1997; Freygang et al., 2004).
The distribution of these karyotypes is interesting, because the 2n = 50 is found at
both ends of the geographical range. However, at the center of the chromosomal range it is
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