THE EARLIER UPANI@SADS [Footnote ref 1]. (700 B.C.-600 B.C.)
The place of the Upani@sads in Vedic literature.
Though it is generally held that the Upani@sads are usually
attached as appendices to the Ara@nyakas which are again attached
to the Brahma@nas, yet it cannot be said that their distinction as
separate treatises is always observed. Thus we find in some cases
that subjects which we should expect to be discussed in a Brahma@na
are introduced into the Ara@nyakas and the Ara@nyaka materials
are sometimes fused into the great bulk of Upani@sad teaching.
This shows that these three literatures gradually grew up in one
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[Footnote 1: There are about 112 Upani@sads which have been published by
the "Nir@naya-Sagara" Press, Bombay, 1917. These are 1 Isa, 2 Kena,
3 Katha, 4 Pras'na, 5 Mun@daka, 6 Ma@n@dukya, 7 Taittiriya, 7 Aitareya,
9 Chandogya, 10 B@rhadara@nyaka, 11 S'vetas'vatara, 12 Kau@sitaki,
13 Maitreyi, 14 Kaivalya, 15 Jabala, 16 Brahmabindu, 17 Ha@msa,
18 Aru@nika, 19 Garbha, 20 Naraya@na, 21 Naraya@na, 22 Paramaha@msa,
23 Brahma, 24 Am@rtanada, 25 Atharvas'iras, 26 Atharvas'ikha,
27 Maitraya@ni, 28 B@rhajjabala, 29 N@rsi@mhapurvatapini,
30 N@rsi@mhottaratapini, 31 Kalagnirudra, 32 Subala, 33 K@surika,
34 Yantrika, 35 Sarvasara, 36 Niralamba, 37 S'ukarahasya, 38 Vajrasucika,
39 Tejobindu, 40 Nadabindu, 41 Dhyanabindu, 42 Brahmavidya, 43 Yogatattva,
44 Atmabodha, 45 Naradaparivrajaka, 46 Tris'ikhibrahma@na, 47 Sita,
48 Yogacu@dama@ni, 49 Nirvana, 50 Ma@ndalabrahma@na, 51 Dak@si@namurtti,
52 S'arabha, 53 Skanda, 54 Tripadvibhutimahanarya@na, 55 Advayataraka,
56 Ramarahasya, 57 Ramapurvatapini, 58 Ramottaratapini, 59 Vasudeva,
60 Mudgala, 61 Sa@n@dilya, 62 Pai@ngala, 63 Bhik@suka, Maha, 65 S'ariraka,
66 Yogas'ikha, 67 Turiyatita, 68 Sa@mnyasa, 69 Paramaha@msaparivrajaka,
70 Ak@samala, 71 Avyakta, 72 Ekak@sara, 73 Annapurna, 74 Surya, 75 Aksi,
76 Adhyatma, 77 Ku@n@dika, 78 Savitri, 79 Atman, 80 Pa'supatabrahma,
81 Parabrahma, 82 Avadhuta, 83 Tripurarapini, 84 Devi, 85 Tripura,
86 Ka@tharudra, 87 Bhavana, 88 Rudrah@rdaya, 89 Yogaku@n@dali,
90 Bhasmajabala, 91 Rudrak@sajabala, 92 Ga@napati, 93 Jabaladars'ana,
94 Taiasara, 95 Mahavakya, 96 Paficabrahma, 97 Pra@nagnihotra,
98 Gopalapurvatapini, 99 Gopalottaratapini, 100 K@r@s@na, 101 Yajnavalkya,
102 Varaha, 103 S'athyayaniya, 104 Hayagriva, 105 Dattatreya, 106 Garu@da,
107 Kalisantara@na, 108 Jabali, 109 Saubhagyalak@smi, 110 Sarasvatirahasya,
111 Bahvrca, 112 Muktika.
The collection of Upani@sads translated by Dara shiko, Aurangzeb's brother,
contained 50 Upani@sads. The Muktika Upani@sad gives a list of 108
Upani@sads. With the exception of the first 13 Upani@sads most of them are
of more or less later date. The Upani@sads dealt with in this chapter are
the earlier ones. Amongst the later ones there are some which repeat the
purport of these, there are others which deal with the S'aiva, S'akta,
the Yoga and the Vai@s@nava doctrines. These will be referred to in
connection with the consideration of those systems in Volume II. The
later Upani@sads which only repeat the purport of those dealt with in this
chapter do not require further mention. Some of the later Upani@sads were
composed even as late as the fourteenth or the fifteenth century.]
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