Billaud-Varennes, or Collot-d'Herbois, or Henriot, or Robespierre, or Couthon, who conducted it. On this
point there can, I think, be neither doubt nor question. I have tried to show how the Terror began. It is easy to
show how and why it ended. As it began automatically by the stress of foreign and domestic war, so it ended
automatically when that stress was relieved. And the most curious aspect of the phenomenon is that it did not
end through the application of force, but by common consent, and when it had ended, those who had been
used for the bloody work could not be endured, and they too were put to death. The procession of dates is
convincing.
When, on July 27, 1793, Robespierre entered the Committee of Public Safety, the fortunes of the Republic
were near their nadir, but almost immediately, after Carnot took the War Department on August 14, they
began to mend. On October 8, 1793, Lyons surrendered; on December 19, 1793, the English evacuated
Toulon; and, on December 23, the insurrection in La Vendée received its death blow at Savenai. There had
also been success on the frontiers. Carnot put Hoche in command in the Vosges. On December 23, 1793,
Hoche defeated Wurmser at Freschweiller, when the Austrians, abandoning the lines of Wissembourg, fell
back across the Rhine. Thus by the end of 1793, save for the great border fortresses of Valenciennes and
Condé to the north, which commanded the road from Brussels to Paris, the soil of France had been cleared of
the enemy, and something resembling domestic tranquillity had been restored at home. Simultaneously, as the
pressure lessened, rifts began to appear in the knot of men who held the Dictatorship in the Republic.
Robespierre, Couthon, and Saint-Just coalesced, and gained control of the police, while Billaud-Varennes,
Collot-d'Herbois, and, secretly and as far as he dared, Barère, formed an opposition. Not that the latter were
more moderate or merciful than Robespierre, but because, in the nature of things, there could be but one
Dictator, and it became a question of the survival of the fittest. Carnot took little or no part in active politics.
He devoted himself to the war, but he disapproved of the Terror and came to a breach with Saint-Just.
Robespierre's power culminated on June 10, 1794, with the passage of the Law of 22 Prairial, which put the
life of every Frenchman in his hand, and after which, save for some dozen or two of his most intimate and
devoted adherents like Saint-Just, Couthon, Le Bas, Fouquier, Fleuriot the Mayor of Paris, and Henriot, the
commander of the national guard, no one felt his head safe on his shoulders. It needed but security on the
northern frontier to cause the social centre of gravity to shift and Robespierre to fall, and security came with
the campaign of Fleurus.
Jourdan and Pichegru were in command on the Belgian border, and on June 26, 1794, just sixteen days after
the passage of the Law of Prairial, Jourdan won the battle of Fleurus. This battle, though not decisive in itself,
led to decisive results. It uncovered Valenciennes and Condé, which were invested, closing the entrance to
France. On July 11, Jourdan entered Brussels; on July 16, he won a crushing victory before Louvain and the
same day Namur opened its gates. On July 23, Pichegru, driving the English before him, seized Antwerp. No
Frenchman could longer doubt that France was delivered, and with that certainty the Terror ended without a
blow. Eventually the end must have come, but it came instantly, and, according to the old legend, it came
through a man's love for a woman.
John Lambert Tallien, the son of the butler of the Marquis of Bercy, was born in 1769, and received an
education through the generosity of the marquis, who noticed his intelligence. He became a journeyman
printer, and one day in the studio of Madame Lebrun, dressed in his workman's blouse, he met Thérézia
Cabarrus, Marquise de Fontenay, the most seductive woman of her time, and fell in love with her on the
instant. Nothing, apparently, could have been more hopeless or absurd. But the Revolution came. Tallien
became prominent, was elected to the Convention, grew to be influential, and in September, 1793, was sent to
Bordeaux, as representative of the Chamber, or as proconsul, as they called it. There he, the all-powerful
despot, found Thérézia, trying to escape to Spain, in prison, humble, poor, shuddering in the shadow of the
guillotine. He saved her; he carried her through Bordeaux in triumph in a car by his side. He took her with
him to Paris, and there Robespierre threw her into prison, and accused Tallien of corruption. On June 12
Robespierre denounced him to the Convention, and on June 14, 1794, the Jacobins struck his name from the
list of the club. When Fleurus was fought Thérézia lay in La Force, daily expecting death, while Tallien had
become the soul of the reactionary party. On the 8 Thermidor (July 26,1794) Tallien received a dagger
CHAPTER V 52