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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION CULTURE AND SCIENCE
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
MASTER PLAN
OF MONGOLIA
2007-2020
Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia 2007
SC/PSD/2007/RP
SC/PSD/2007/RP
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3
CONTENTS
Foreword (Enkhbold Miyegombo, Prime Minister of Mongolia) 5
Foreword (Koichiro Matsuura, Director-General of UNESCO) 6
Acknowledgement (Enkhtuvshin Ulziisaikhan, Minister of Education, Culture and Science
of Mongolia) 7
Resolution of the Government of Mongolia 8
Abbreviations 9
Glossary 10
CHAPTER ONE. BACKGROUND OF THE MASTER PLAN 13
1.1. The rationale of developing Science and Technology Master Plan 13
1.2. Concepts followed during the Master Plan development, innovation trends 31
1.3. The methodology and road map used in the development of the Master plan 14
1.4. Master plan framework and timeframe 15
1.5. Content structure of the Master plan 15
CHAPTER TWO. CURRENT SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND
S & T SITUATION OF MONGOLIA 17
2.1. Socio-economic development and S&T capacity 17
2.2. Current S&T situation 17
2.3. Current issues of the S&T sector 20
2.4. The rationale for the system reforms 21
CHAPTER THREE. POLICY OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES TO DEVELOP
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR 2020 23
3.1. Policy strategy options, implementation principles, and priorities 23
3.2. Vision, Mission, and Values of the S&T sector 24
3.3. S&T development policy goals and strategies 25
3.4. Activities to implement the strategies, expected outcomes 26
Goal 1. Establish and develop a competitive R&D sector that meets
market needs and demands 26
Goal 2. Create an effective national innovation system 29
Goal 3. Improve the legal and institutional system of
protecting and utilizing the results of R&D 31
4
Goal 4. Reforming economy on the basis of technological innovation 31
Goal 5. Enhance the effectiveness of international science and
technology cooperation 33
3.5. Favorable factors and potential risks 34
CHAPTER FOUR. FINANCIAL FRAMEWORK OF THE
MASTER PLAN IMPLEMENTATION 35
CHAPTER FIVE. THE MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK OF THE
MASTER PLAN IMPLEMENTATION 36
5.1. The management in regulating the implementation of the Master Plan 36
5.2. Distribution of duties and responsibilities 36
5.3. Stages and terms of implementation 38
CHAPTER SIX. MONITORING AND EVALUATION 43
6.1. General guiding concepts in monitoring and evaluating the Master plan 43
6.2. Stages of monitoring and evaluation, and the responsible organization 43
BIBLIOGRAPHY 45
ANNEX 1. Funding requirements and projections for Master plan 48
ANNEX 2. Targeted programs of the Master plan 50
ANNEX 3. S&T and innovation indicators 62
CONTENTS
5
In accordance with the Parliament Resolution number 24, Mongolian scholars
from the Mongolian Academy of Sciences in collaboration with Ministries, have
developed the Science and Technology Master Plan (2007-2020) of Mongolia.
Accordingly, the Government of Mongolia has passed the decree to commence the
implementation of this critical Plan.
This Master Plan is an essential and integral part of the broader National
development strategies and policies; mission of the Master plan is to enhance the
Science and technology capacity, increase the innovation system effectiveness,
promote the Industry-Academia collaboration, contribute to the economic growth
by establishing an enabling social, economic and legal environment, establish a
basis for national technology development, promote the growth of high technology-
based industries, and establish foundation for knowledge-based economy.
Continuous initiative and effective collaboration of our government, scholars, and
business enterprises will ensure the achievement of the objectives proposed in this
Plan. I am full of optimism that with the support and commitment of our stakeholders
and partners, we will mobilize efforts towards the common goal.
PRIME MINISTER OF MONGOLIA
ENKHBOLD MIYEGOMBO
CONTENTS
Foreword
7
Mr. Koichiro Matsuura
Director-General of UNESCO
Economic development is increasingly driven by the application of advanced scientific
and technological knowledge. Consequently, nations, particularly “newly industrializing
countries”, strive to maximize global competitiveness through promoting national
systems of innovation. However, advantages within a global innovation economy
are often predicated upon explicit science, technology and innovation policies and
the availability of sound institutions for their implementation.
In Mongolia, it is apparent that scientific and technological activities need to
be integrated with other sectors in order to underpin development across the
country’s various regions. Although Mongolia is endowed with a comparatively
strong science and technology base, including human resources and institutions,
its scientific capacity is largely centralized in the capital. In addition, as the economic
transition progresses to a more advanced stage, such resources are in danger
of being underutilized, dissipated or even lost. As a result, the current stage of
economic transition and development in Mongolia holds significant challenges for
achieving equitable and sustainable socio-economic progress; there is hence an
urgent need to build and maintain the country’s innovation capacity.
The main role of UNESCO is to initiate and encourage new thinking on policy
development. It is a major instigator of reforms and innovations through international
co-operation at regional and international levels. As an international organization,
UNESCO also supports regional science and technology policy networks, serving
as a clearing-house and facilitating exchange of experiences. The action of
UNESCO focuses on assisting Member States in the implementation of actions and
recommendations contained in the Declaration and Framework for Action of the
World Conference on Science. This worldwide reflection on the role of science in
the twenty-first century, initiated and promoted by UNESCO and the International
Council for Science, culminated in the conference “Science for the Twenty-First
Century: a new commitment” (Budapest 26 June to 1 July 1999). The conference
adopted the “Declaration on Science and the Use of Scientific Knowledge and the
Science Agenda-Framework for Action”, where the importance of science policy
was reaffirmed. It also emphasized that “regional and international networking and
co-operation can facilitate the exchange of national experiences and the design of
more coherent scientific and technological policies”.
Together with the Science and Technology Policy Asian Network (STEPAN),
UNESCO’s Beijing and Jakarta Offices assisted the Ministry of Education, Culture
and Science of Mongolia to develop a master plan for science and technology for
2007-2020. The broad thrust of the master plan was endorsed at a national
seminar in Ulaanbaatar on 11 May 2004. The Ministry drafted the Science and
Foreword
8
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020
Technology Master Plan for Mongolia, which was then approved by the Government
in January 2007.
UNESCO was pleased to co-operate with the Ministry of Education, Culture
and Science in developing this milestone in Mongolian science and technology.
I congratulate the efforts of the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, the
Government of Mongolia, the Mongolian National Commission for UNESCO and
other international and national consultants who took part in this important
exercise.
It is my sincere hope that this Science and Technology Master Plan contributes in
concrete ways to the overall development effort in Mongolia.
The Science and Technology Master plan was developed with an active participation
9
and inclusiveness of the science, industry, and private sector. The Master plan’s
purpose is to develop and implement an effective strategic policy, to set a favorable
environment for S&T and innovation infrastructure by enhancing Mongolian S&T
sector development, concentrating S&T capacity on social needs and demands,
and adapting research institutes’ management to market environment.
In the name of the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science of Mongolia, I would
like to personally appreciate science, business representatives and scholars for
their support in the development of this Plan.
Moreover, our Ministry is particularly grateful to National Commission, and UNESCO
office in Beijing and its experts for their invaluable technical and methodological
assistance in the development of the Master Plan.
Mongolian Academy of Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Mongolian
University of Science and Technology, other research institutes, and university
researchers and professors contributed greatly with their intellectual advice and
expertise.
Several industry organizations were extremely collaborative during the survey on
the industry research and development where they generously shared their data
and provided other technical support: Erdenet Mining Corporation, Altan Taria Co.
Ltd, APU Corporation, Darhan Steel Factory, Gobi Corporation, Golomt Bank, MCS
Group.
We also appreciate all the organizations and individuals for their valuable opinion
and participation during numerous meetings and interviews.
Last but not least, our Ministry is grateful to the Master Plan working team for their
great deal of effort and daily coordination in the development of the Plan.
Minister of Education, Culture and Science
Enkhtuvshin Ulziisaikhan
Acknowledgement
10
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020
January 3, 2007 Number 2 Ulaanbaatar
Science and Technology Master Plan for the period 2007-2020
The Government of Mongolia authorizes to:
Approve the Science and Technology Master Plan for the period 2007-2020.
Assign U.Enkhtuvshin, Minister of Education, Culture and Science, to organize and
coordinate the implementation of the Master Plan at all stages, and to submit the
consolidated reports of the implementation progress and evaluation/monitoring
every two years.
Assign U.Enkhtuvshin, Minister of Education, Culture and Science, and
N.Bayartsaikhan, Minister of Finance, to take necessary actions to reflect allocations
to mobilize additional investments required to implement the Master plan into the
social and economic guidelines and the annual budgets.
Assign relevant Ministers to implement the Science and Technology Plan in
2007-2020 according to the responsibilities stated in the targeted programs
and activities of the Master plan, and take necessary measures to monitor the
implementations.
Prime Minister of Mongolia M.Enkhbold
Minister of Education, Culture and Science U. Enkhtuvshin
Resolution of the Government of Mongolia
11
FTE Full-Time Equivalent
GDP Gross Domestic Expenditure
GERD Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development
ICT Information and Communications Technology
ICT Information and Communications Technology
IF Impact Factor
ISI Institute for Scientific Information
MAS Mongolian Academy of Sciences
MECS Ministry of Education, Culture and Science
MoCUD Ministry of Construction and Urban Development
MoE Ministry of Environment
MoF Ministry of Finance
MoFA Ministry of Food and Agriculture
MoFE Ministry of Fuel and Energy
MoH Ministry of Health
MoIC Ministry of Industry and Commerce
MoRTT Ministry of Roads, Transportation and Tourism
NIS National Innovation System
PPP Purchasing Power Parity
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
R&D Research and Development
S&T Science and Technology
SILG Strategic Industry Leaders Group
SME Small and Medium Enterprise
SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
Abbreviations
12
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020
Frascati Manual is a document stipulating the methodology for collecting and
using statistics about research and development. Over the past 40 years, the
NESTI group has developed a series of documents, known as “Frascati Family”, that
includes manuals on R&D (Frascati Manual), innovation (Oslo Manual), innovation
in developing countries (Bogota Manual), human resources (Canberra Manual),
technological balance of payments and patents as science and technology
indicators.
R&D
1
- Research and experimental development (R&D) comprise creative work
undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge,
including knowledge of man, culture and society, and the use of this stock of
knowledge to devise new applications.
The term R&D covers three activities: basic research, applied research and
experimental development
1. Basic research - is experimental or theoretical work undertaken primarily
to acquire new knowledge of the underlying foundation of phenomena and
observable facts, without any particular application or use in view.
Basic research analyses properties, structures and relationships with a view to
formulating and testing hypotheses, theories or laws. The results of basic research
are not generally sold but are usually published in scientific journals or circulated to
interested colleagues. In basic research, scientists have some freedom to set their
own goals.
Basic research can be oriented or directed towards some broad fields of general
interest, with the explicit goal of a broad range of applications in the future. One
example is the public research programmes on nanotechnology which several
countries have decided on.
Firms in the private sector may also undertake basic research, with a view to
preparing for the next generation of technology. Research on fuel cell technology is
a case in point. It is defined in the Frascati Manual as “oriented basic research”.
Oriented basic research may be distinguished from pure basic research as
follows:
Pure basic research is carried out for the advancement of knowledge, without
seeking long-term economic or social benefits or making any effort to apply the
results to practical problems or to transfer the results to sectors responsible
for their application.
Oriented basic research is carried out with the expectation that it will produce
a broad base of knowledge likely to form the basis of the solution to recognized
or expected, current or future problems or possibilities.
1
OECD (2002), Frascatti Manual
Glossary
13
2. Applied research is also original investigation undertaken in order to acquire
new knowledge. It is, however, directed primarily towards a specific practical
aim or objective. Applied research is undertaken either to determine possible
uses for the findings of basic research or to determine new methods or ways
of achieving specific and predetermined objectives. The results of applied
research are intended primarily to be valid for a single or limited number of
products, operations, methods or systems. Applied research gives operational
form to ideas. The knowledge or information derived from it is often patented
but may be kept secret.
3. Experimental development is systematic work, drawing on knowledge
gained from research and practical experience, that is directed to producing
new materials, products and devices; to installing new processes, systems and
services; or to improving substantially those already produced or installed.
In the social sciences, experimental development may be defined as the
process of translating knowledge gained through research into operational
programmes, including demonstration projects undertaken for testing and
evaluation purposes. The category has little or no meaning for the humanities.
All education and training of personnel in the natural sciences, engineering,
medicine, agriculture, the social sciences and the humanities in universities and
special institutions of higher and post-secondary education should be excluded.
However, research by students at the PhD level carried out at universities should
be counted, whenever possible, as a part of R&D.
The specialized activities of:
- Collecting
- Coding
- Recoding
- Classifying
- Disseminating
- Translating
- Analysing
- Evaluting
are to be excluded, except when conducted solely or primarily for the purpose of
R&D support.
Innovation A technological product innovation is the implementation/
commercialization of a product with improved performance characteristics such
as to deliver objectively new or improved services to the consumer. A technological
process innovation is the implementation/adoption of new or significantly improved
production or delivery methods. It may involve changes in equipment, human
resources, working methods or a combination of these.
Full-time equivalent (FTE) is a way to measure a worker’s productivity and/or
involvement in a project. An FTE of 1.0 means that the person is equivalent to a
full-time worker. An FTE of 0.5 may signal that the worker is only half-time, or that
his projected output (due to differences in qualification, for example) is only half of
what one may expect.
Purchasing power parity (PPP) is the method of using the long-run equilibrium
exchange rate of two currencies to equalize the currencies’ purchasing power. It is
- Scientific and technical personel
- Bibliograhic service
- Patent service
- Scientific and technical information, extension
and advisory services
- Scientific conferences
by
GLOSSARY
14
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020
based on the law of one price, the idea that, in an efficient market, identical goods
must have only one price. These special exchange rates are often used to compare
the standards of living of two or more countries.
Patent is a document issued by the competent state authority which certifies the
recognition of the given solution as an invention or industrial design, and grants
the author an exclusive right to own the invention or industrial design for a certain
period of time.
Industrial design refers to the creative activity of achieving a formal or ornamental
appearance for mass-produced items that, within the available cost constraints,
satisfies both the need for the item to appeal visually to potential consumers, and
the need for the item to perform its intended function efficiently. In a legal sense,
industrial design refers to the right granted in many countries, pursuant to a
registration system, to protect the original ornamental and non-functional features
of an industrial article or product that result from design activity.
Trademark is any sign that individualizes the goods of a given enterprise and
distinguishes them from the goods of its competitors.
Utility models In a number of countries protection may be obtained for “utility
models.” In essence “utility model” is merely a name given to certain inventions,
namely—according to the laws of most countries which contain provisions on utility
models—inventions in the mechanical field.
The Impact factor, very often abbreviated IF, is a measure of the citations to science
and social science journals. It is frequently used as a proxy for the importance of a
journal to its field. The impact factor for a journal is calculated based on a three-
year period, and can be considered to be the average number of times published
papers are cited up to two years after publication. For example, the 2003 impact
factor for a journal would be calculated as follows:
IF calculation:
A = the number of times articles published in 2003-2004 were cited
in indexed journals during 2005
B = the number of articles, reviews, proceedings or notes published
in 2003-2004
2005 impact factor = A/B
(note that the 2005 impact factor was actually published in 2006, because it could not
be calculated until all of the 2005 publications had been received.)
Scientific and technological activities (STA)
1
: systematic activities which are
closely concerned with the generation, advancement, dissemination, and application
of scientific and technical knowledge in all fields of science and technology. These
include such activities as R&D, scientific and technological education and training
(STET) and the scientific and technological services (STS)
STA = R&D+ STET+STS
“Zehets ajil” The phrase “zehets ajil” means “available or completed work.” In
Mongolia this concept is used as completed results of applied research project
that can be used for commercialization.
1 OECD (2002), Frascatti Manual
15
1.1. The rationale of developing Science and Technology Master Plan
First documented government order to develop and implement Science and
Technology (S&T) Master Plan was included in the “Government policy on science
and technology” and “Approving the program of government activities” (1998).
In 2004, the Parliament of Mongolia has passed a decree No. 24 to develop and
implement the Master plan.
In addition, experts and scholars from Mongolia and other international
organizations have constantly remarked, in their recommendations, about the
importance of establishing an effective S&T system and structure, improving S&T
financing mechanism, and developing and implementing economy growth targeted
S&T strategies.
For instance, a policy recommendation by UNESCO composed in 2000 states:
“a developing country’s concern is to enhance the development of S&T, and to
fully process national natural resources and raw materials for the production of
internationally competitive products in order to enhance the growth of economy.
A MASTER PLAN is necessary to match the S&T growth, new results, and
commercialization system with the market and social needs. It is important to
align R&D capacity with market demand, establish a system with improved S&T
and research capacity and practical policy decision-making process by utilizing
available opportunities and potentials in accordance with economic growth and
social demands.”
Multiple factors such as globalization, rapid growth of information technology,
socio-economic system transformation of Mongolia, and recommendations of
international experts have led to the development of the Master Plan.
This plan will be the key document to guide government, business, and public
organizations’ efforts toward intensive and comprehensive development of science
and technology of Mongolia for 2020. The Master Plan implementation goal
consists of developing advanced technology, using science capacity and resources
as a source for economic growth, establishing effective innovation system, and
promoting sustainable development of R&D sector.
1.2. Concepts followed during the Master Plan development, innovation
trends
The development of the Master Plan was based on Network of Excellence, in other
words, integrating and utilizing knowledge, experience, and ability of scientists from
many sectors. Another essential ingredients of the S&T system are establishing
performance-based R&D financing and the essence of having clear and measurable
research evaluation.
Chapter ONE. BACKGROUND OF THE MASTER PLAN
Chapter ONE.
BACKGROUND OF THE MASTER PLAN
16
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020
During the development of National S&T Master Plan experiences and practices
of other countries were applied by the following directions:
Science and technology policy needs to be adaptable and flexible enough
to respond to changes in the regional and global technology and business
environment, therefore, comprehensive research is needed to initiate and
adjust to an effective policy implementation mechanism;
Increasing funding sources to support the collaboration and partnership
between government – private – research organizations;
Policy support for science and technology activity should be directed towards
stimulating innovation activities that are essential in other sectors;
Developing and implementing a policy that stimulates the commitment
towards establishing a network with integrated and coordinated goals and
directions; the efforts of such policy support should be aimed at enhancing
technology development and its feasibility;
Science and technology policy needs to aim at establishing a system with
constant monitoring and evaluation to improve Government investment
efficiency in S&T sector;
Developing alternative implementation programs with valid and feasible
science and technology policy priorities and objectives.
To support interrelated science and technology activities
To support the knowledge based innovation activities of the national
development strategies
To establish the science system as the basis of research and technology
development and improve international S&T collaboration
To improve the technology growth and innovation capacity of private
enterprises. To focus on the improvement of technological capacity of
priority industry sectors.
Linking National S&T capacity with the regional and global network
The following principles were pursued in the development of the Master plan:
Encouraging private sectors to participate in the development of S&T
sector and utilizing S&T results
Ensuring information transparency
Developing a plan that reflects socio-economic interests and objectives
Supporting the transfer and adoption of advanced foreign and domestic
technologies
Ensuring the transparency and acuracy of performance indicators of
investments
1.3. The methodology and road map used in the development of the
Master plan
The S&T Master plan was developed through the following sequence stages, using
the strategic planning principle and approach.
1. Setting up a planning team, drawing a “road map”
2. Evaluating S&T sector to properly assess current situation
3. Setting S&T development goals up to 2020
17
4. Developing strategies to reach the goals
5. Setting indicators to measure and evaluate long-term, medium-term
results; setting quantitative and qualitative indicators to measure goals and
objectives
6. Integrating the documents and the results of analyses
7. Calculating the costs and possible risks that could arise during the
implementation of the plan; verifying the implementation process results
with a simulation software
With the use of participatory approach in the development of S&T Master plan,
shown in the “road map,” it is expected to be a result-based plan.
The context of the Master plan was developed after completing the following
steps:
1. Sectoral analysis
2. Assessment
3. Policy development, goal setting
4. Activity implementation planning
5. Necessary funding estimation
Based on these analyses, Master plan implementation indicators were categorized
into three groups – 1. Quality, 2. Innovation, 3. Management – which enables
to reveal not only the end results but also the progress of the implementation
process.
The overall S&T Master plan methodology consists of FIVE interrelated logical
stages:
1. Reformulating the role and services of S&T sector to society; setting
sector mission by using SWOT analysis, formulating vision, developing key
strategies, setting values;
2. Identifying development goals and objectives;
3. Developing strategies to reach these goals and objectives;
4. Developing an action plan to implement the strategies;
5. Evaluating each stage of implementation; if necessary, making changes or
modifications in the plan.
Using this methodology in the evaluation and monitoring process is useful not only to
modify current programs/projects, but also to plan future policies and activities.
To summarize, the S&T Master plan was developed by using strategy planning,
result-based management, cross-sectoral methodology.
1.4. Master plan framework and timeframe
Master plan’s framework covers not only Ministry related S&T issues but also
other essential socio-economic sectors in order to adopt an effective national
innovation system.
Chapter ONE. BACKGROUND OF THE MASTER PLAN
18
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020
As the sub-sector level, the following S&T sectors were selected:
Medical sciences
Natural sciences
Agriculture
Engineering
Social sciences and humanities
1.5. Content structure of the Master plan
Each part of the Master plan content contains relevant evaluations and
diagnoses:
1. Chapter one. Background of the Master plan
2. Chapter two. Current socio-economic and S&T situation of Mongolia
3. Chapter three. Policy objectives and strategies to develop science and
technology for 2020
4. Chapter four. Financial framework Master plan implementation
5. Chapter five. The management framework of the Master plan
implementation
6. Chapter six. Monitoring and Evaluation of the Master plan implementation
7. Chapter seven. Activity plan for 2010
8. ANNEXES
The following goals are to be implemented through 3 stages:
2007-2010 (1
st
stage)
2011-2015 (2
nd
stage)
2016-2020 (3
rd
stage).
The S&T Master plan contains 5 main goals:
1. Establish and develop a competitive R&D sector
2. Create an effective national innovation system
3. Create a legal and institutional system of protecting and utilizing the results
of R&D
4. Reforming economy on the basis of technological innovation
5. Develop an effective international science and technology cooperation
The Master plan includes the models for 6 Targeted programs (Annex 2) which
will serve as the main mechanism for the implementation of objectives and
activities of the Master plan.
1. Identifying and implementing S&T priorities and key technologies of
Mongolia
2. National innovation system (NIS) development
3. Enhancing S&T information, monitoring and evaluation system
4. Development of advanced technology in Mongolia
5. Training and supporting young researchers
6. Supporting university R&D
19
Chapter TWO. CURRENT SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND S&T SITUATION OF MONGOLIA
2.1. Socio-economic development and S&T capacity
It is commonly agreed that the key to economic development lies in adopting
knowledge-based economy. S&T and innovation development determines country’s
economic development and its competitiveness in the global market. In the initial
stages of transition to market, the main concern was to sustain a macroeconomic
stability, whereas today, the top priority is to develop a basis for long-term economic
growth. In today’s rapidly developing world, ability to swiftly process information,
identifying critical mass, and investing in intellectual properties have become
crucial factors of effective organization and economy development. Investing in
intellectual properties has become one of the most efficient ways to utilize capital.
Intangible property as a percentage of total assets of firms and corporations is
rapidly increasing. As the commercialization of S&T results becomes more active,
the process of innovation cycle becomes more recurrent leading to accelerated
production of innovation products and technologies.
There is still a lack of contribution of S&T sector to the national economic growth,
and our country’s innovation activities are still obsolete in the global and regional
level. Continuance of such trend further increases the risk of economy decline.
Based on comprehensive S&T analysis, the S&T Master plan’s aim is to select
an appropriate development module in order to develop an accurate policy.
Within the framework of the S&T Master plan development in 2007-2020, in
2006 the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (MECS) has conducted an
evaluation and assessment on S&T sector capacity, and consequently, has identified
key issues of the sector.
1
Compared to lower-middle-income economies, the imports as a percentage of
GDP of Mongolia is 2-4 times lower
2
. This illustrates our economy’s dependence on
foreign countries with relatively low value added and trade ratio. Out of total export
products of Mongolia, 45% is produced with non-technological content, 52%
are low technology products, and 3% contain low-medium technology content.
However, the percentage of imported products with medium-high, low-medium,
and low technologies is very high.
Although, in the past, the Government has developed several policy documents
and national programs on science and technology development, very few have
come to realization. The socio-economic and industry development documents
did not contain sufficient support on utilizing S&T resources, S&T academia
1 “Science and technology sector assessment of Mongolia,” MECS, 2006
2 “World development Indicators”, 2005
Chapter TWO.
CURRENT SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND S&T SITUATION
OF MONGOLIA
20
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020
industry collaboration, or international cooperation on S&T. Without a system and
infrastructure that supports these linkages, the public awareness on importance
of S&T will remain low. Therefore, there is even a greater necessity for coordinating
cross-sectoral activities, establishing accurate information and monitoring
system, adopting effective innovation system, and setting accurate and feasible
policy development strategies.
2.2. Current S&T situation
During the transition period, the Government of Mongolia has made numerous
attempts to attain a policy on S&T development, utilizing R&D results, enhancing
industry’s role in S&T, and establishing a structure and legal environment that meets
the global demands. Some of the major laws and regulations include: Constitution of
Mongolia (1992), Law on National security (2001), National security policy (1994),
Mongolian Foreign Affairs Policy (1994), Government policy on S&T (1998), Law (1994), Government policy on S&T (1998), Law
on S&T (1998), Law on technology transfer (1998), Law on Legal Status of theLaw on Legal Status of the
Mongolian Academy of Sciences (1996), Law on higher education (2002), Patent (1996), Law on higher education (2002), Patent
law (1993, 2006), Copyright law (1993, 2006).
As of 2006, there are 2642 personnel working in 51 (47 government, 4 private)
research organizations which include research institutes, R&D corporations, and
universities.
S&T human resource quantity and structure has noticeably changed. The number
of researchers has decreased from 3102 in 1995, to 2642 in 2004. The number
of engineers and technical personnel, who play a direct role in the effectiveness and
quality of R&D, has been reduced by 2.5 times. In 1996, researchers up to 40 years
of age made up 52.2% of total researchers. The decrease of this figure to 44.3%,
in 2004, is correlated to decrease in salary and popularity of S&T occupation.
90% of research institutes are located in the capital city, Ulaanbaatar. 75% of S&T
personnel consist of researchers. In recent years there has been considerable
progress regarding the training of young researchers. As of 2005, 171 young
researchers and scientists from 32 research institutes and universities of Mongolia
are studying abroad in 25 countries. As of 2006, the percentage of research
personnel with education degrees (ScD, PhD, master) is at 48.9% which is not a
low number, even compared to other countries. One-third of research personnel
are in natural sciences sector, and each of social sciences and engineering sectors
contain one-fifth of research personnel.
One of the widely used indicators to evaluate S&T capacity is the “number of
researchers per 1 million population”. This indicator tends to decrease in Mongolia
in the past ten years. The decrease in numbers of college and university students
enrolled in natural science, technology and engineering fields could lead to shortage
of skilled specialists in this sector.
In the past 10 years, current S&T expenditures have increased by 5.6 times, and
expenditures at 1995 prices have increased twice. As of 2005, S&T sector budget
expenditure is 4,605.7 million tugrik (or 3.9 million US dollars) or 0.35% of GDP.
According to statistics, 90% of funding for S&T sector is financed by government
and 10% is generated from non-government sources.
When comparing S&T funding to other countries, it appears as if S&T sector
activities of Mongolia are funded solely by the Government budget. This is due to
a lack of research and/or detailed reports on source of funding, thus there are no
available statistical data.
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Chapter TWO. CURRENT SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND S&T SITUATION OF MONGOLIA
The S&T expenditure has been rapidly declining since 1990. In 1990, 1.0% of GDP
was contributed to S&T activities which was comparable to developed countries.
However since 1990, the number has been reduced to 0.35% in 2004 which is
comparable among developing countries (Georgia 0.3, Bolivia 0.3, Kyrgyzstan
– 0.2, Mauritania – 0.3).
As of 2004, R&D expenditure per researcher (including university professors
and tutors) was US $1,300. This figure is almost 45 times lower compared to
developing countries ($58,000).
Determining S&T activities and S&T expenditures of colleges and universities is
not a simple task. In 2005, out of 2938 faculty staff in 11 public universities, 963
or 33% had education degrees. According to National Science Foundation data,
colleges and universities consumed 20% of total R&D expenditures which suggests
their researchers and scientists are not utilized to the fullest capacity.
In the past five years, increase of expenditures in basic research and decrease in
applied research costs are not a favorable indication for a country with such limited
S&T resources. It has passed five years since financing and initiating “Zehets ajil
1
projects for the purpose of utilizing research results. Through 2000-2006, 52
“Zehets ajil” projects have been announced and implemented in the areas of new
materials, adopting technologies, and exploiting natural resources.
Although funding among S&T sectors is relatively balanced, it is preferable to
increase R&D funding for agriculture and engineering sectors. On the other hand,
R&D funding for natural science sector is considerably higher than other sectors.
In 2004, out of 10.1 billion tugrik of total research institutes’ capital 64.9%
consisted of properties and 23.6% consisted of machinery and equipment. 45.5%
of total machinery and equipment were obsolete. The indicators for facilities and
equipment show downward numbers.
According to 2006 statistics, research institutes and universities require at least
405 different types (or 1198 pieces) of tools and equipment, which requires at
least 4,449 million tugriks, in order to conduct advanced R&D.
One of the S&T performance indicators used in Mongolia is the number of
publications in foreign countries. Like in most countries, natural science (44.2%)
social science and humanities (23.3%) share most of the proportion of published
books or articles.
2004 statistics on the number of publications per S&T personnel among S&T
sectors show quite proportionate numbers. The number of patents per 100 S&T
personnel reveals that engineering (3.6) and medical science (4.5) have the highest
figures. The expenditure per personnel is highest in Agriculture sector (1.29 million
tugriks), and lowest in engineering sector (0.69 million tugriks).
In 1990-2002, annual average number of registered patents was 130-140;
nonetheless since 1994-2004, only 19 of total 67 license agreements were in
effect. This shows a very ineffective utilization of intellectual properties.
In 2005, the Ministry of Education, Culture, and Science conducted a survey among
9 large industry enterprises: Erdenet Mining Corporation, APU Corporation, Buyan
1 The phrase “zehets ajil” means “available or completed work.” In Mongolia this concept is
used as completed results of applied research project that can be used for commercialization.
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020
Co. Ltd, Newcom Co. Ltd, Gobi Corporation, 3rd Energy station of Ulaanbaatar, MCS
Group, Darhan Steel Factory, Golomt Bank, and Altan Taria Co. Ltd. The results
revealed that 8 of them performed R&D activities besides their main activity; 5 of
these had a unit in charge of R&D activities. 7 of the participants responded they
“cooperate with research institutes and universities.” The forms of the cooperation
are as follows:
Form of cooperation Responses
Joint projects and researches 71.4%
Staff training and consulting 57.1%
Contract research work 42.9%
Donation 28.6%
The results of the survey also revealed that private enterprises spend considerable
capital on R&D (in 2004 6,271.8 million tugrik). The fact that 2004 R&D expenditure
of 5 respondents is 14.5% higher than 2003 state budget expenditure on R&D
invalidates the early-mentioned perception that S&T sector activities of Mongolia
are funded solely by government budget.
Current state of innovation: The global trends and experiences show that today
economies are developed by utilizing intellectual capacity of society in dynamic socio-
economic growth, by developing an effective education and innovation systems
based on “knowledge-based” environment, and by establishing an infrastructure
and legal environment through a government policy. Some of the prerequisites
necessary for such development are available in Mongolia, for instance:
The basic science sectors are developing
The opportunities and conditions are becoming increasingly favorable for
conducting applied research, technology development, and utilizing R&D
results
The basis of vocational education and training system is established
Legal environment to create some of the elements of innovation structure,
innovation-technology center, technology transfer center, industry park, is
being established
However, the necessity to develop these through linkage with market demand is
becoming increasingly complex.
For the purpose of developing and adapting to an effective innovation system, the
following obstacles are encountered:
The economic demand on commercializing research results is weak. This
is caused by several things: limited capital of industry to expand innovation
activities, high cost of developing a new technology, high economic risk,
lengthy investment payback period.
Financial and human resources are not structured in a way to support the
implementation of science-industry projects; activities related to evaluating
and utilizing government funded research results are not adequate.
The interaction and collaboration among research institutes, colleges and
universities, and industry is weakly linked which is an unfavorable factor for
conducting joint innovation projects, exchanging and training researchers
and engineers, and executing the stages of “applied research-experimental
development-production.
Market and innovation information on producing new products and
technologies is not adequate.
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Chapter TWO. CURRENT SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND S&T SITUATION OF MONGOLIA
The significance of innovation process in the socio-economic development
is not fully recognized by government and administrative agencies;
2.3. Current issues of the S&T sector
Based on the results of S&T sector assessment of Mongolia, the following issues
were composed.
I. Innovation
1. Legal environment to enhance and coordinate innovation activities is not
fully established; there is a lack of economic stimulus from the Government
to support such environment.
2. Innovation infrastructure is not developed; knowledge and technology
transfer mechanism is not well established.
3. Industry’s participation in the innovation development is weak; the process
of “maturing” of small enterprises is slow.
4. Activities to commercialize R&D results are inadequate; there is a weak
collaboration among educational and research institutes, innovation
organizations, and small, medium and big enterprises.
5. Industry technology is underdeveloped; science-industry link is weak; our
economy is notably dependent on foreign technology.
6. Industry’s response to adopt technology solution is weak; industry’s overall
demand and interest to implement R&D is low.
II. Quality
1. Research organizations lack laboratory facilities; lack of funding for
equipment and tools; theoretical and practical expertise level of researchers
is comparatively low; research organizations are not adapted to operate
under competitive market conditions; the capability to conduct R&D is
inadequate.
2. There is no advanced system to monitor and evaluate research expenditures,
results, and productivity; the indicators to assess S&T level and capacity are
too vague and irrelevant; detailed statistical data on S&T sector is lacking;
there are no determined indicators to monitor and evaluate activities of
researchers.
3. Due to high concentration on purchase of imported technologies and
equipment, industry is ignoring the knowledge and technologies of domestic
R&D sector, thus, causing waste of R&D expenditures and potentials.
4. The system of monitoring and assessment of S&T sector is merely at the
early stages of development.
5. The Government has been funding applied researches with low domestic
or international market demands. Lack of performance indicators to
accurately evaluate S&T outputs and lack of precise priority directions has
led to ineffective usage of already scarce resources in Mongolia.
III. Management
1. Although Mongolia is rich in natural and agricultural resources, S&T sector
plays little role in utilizing them;
2. Subjects of research projects that are selected and implemented do not
correspond to market demands; opportunities are limited for updating and
exchanging information; management and control over government funded
activities is not effective;
3. There is no policy on enhancing science-education collaboration;
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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020 Chapter THREE. POLICY OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES TO DEVELOP SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR 2020
4. Budget funding system for S&T sector is ineffective and inefficient; the
amount of funding is insufficient, and the distribution and utilization of funds
is not effective;
5. The policies of socio-economic and S&T development are not coordinated;
there is no definite methodology of setting priority areas and key technologies;
cross-sectoral coordination of S&T activities is weak; the role and activities
of National Council of Science and Technology in S&T sector is limited; there is
no integrated policy on technology development; the system of transferring,
assessing, and adopting foreign technology is yet to be established; a policy
on training S&T personnel is not refined; the S&T development policy is
unclear and activity management is poorly organized;
6. Compared to other sectors, S&T sector of Mongolia receives very little
financial support and loans; there are few joint projects and programs with
foreign countries and organizations; most of the joint projects with foreign
organizations are implemented according to the interest and benefit of
the foreign side; inadequate actions are carried out to maximize the use
of resources and to collaborate with Mongolian researchers who work
abroad.
7. Results of R&D are not fully utilized, and their intellectual property rights
are not properly enforced.
8. The salary of S&T personnel, which is significantly lower than the researchers
in the domestic private sector or international academic peers, has a
negative impact on young scholars to commit themselves to sustainable
academic work.
2.4. The rationale for the system reforms
The slow transition progress of our economy into a knowledge-based economy,
and slow development of innovation and technology are directly associated with
slow adaptation to the new system and infrastructure following the disintegration
of centralized economy. In addition, administrative authorities of every level neglect
the importance of an issue, and they offer little incentives to promote selection and
implementation of an appropriate innovation development approach. Consequently,
without accurate priorities, opportunities are lost to exploit substantial amount of
available resources.
In order to renew industrial technologies, increasing of investments has become
one of the key priorities. This requires a great deal of commitment in order to
increase the competitiveness and to promote technology development.
System reforms and promotion of an enhanced development of S&T and innovation
are essential for a successful implementation of the Master plan. These include:
- Providing stimulus for investments in new knowledge and advanced
technologies;
- Increasing the awareness of need for technology among stakeholders of
economy;
- Enhancing innovation activities through constant upgrade of technologies;
- Increasing the Government support for establishing favorable custom duties
and tariffs, enforcing intellectual property rights, improving the system of
basic research and higher education.
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Chapter THREE. POLICY OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES TO DEVELOP SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR 2020
3.1 Policy strategy options, implementation principles, and priorities
In order to address the systemic challenges, there is a need for a comprehensive
state policy to optimize and develop the S&T and Innovation sectors meeting the
market demands, to nurture knowledge, to rapidly commercialize and apply into the
economy the findings and intellectual properties developed as a result of undertaken
projects in the priority academic and research areas. In order to implement these
actions, the strategy and key principles of the state policy are identified as follows.
1) Policy strategy
In addressing the sector challenges, the enhancement of competitiveness of
R&D, the development of the effective infrastructure for innovation, undertaking
of the technology renewal in selected economy sectors through combined efforts
of the National academic institutions and adaptation of advanced international
technologies will be undertaken through development of the enabling environment
for “knowledge nurturing” and focus of resources in the few selected priority
areas.
2) Key implementation principles
The public funds and resources allocated for R&D shall be primarily targeted
at the following priority areas:
Oriented basic research as a source for promotion of applied research and
experimental development;
Few selected S&T priority areas to lift the competitiveness of S&T
internationally, to enhance the economic efficiency of R&D;
Development of the National innovation infrastructure to develop and
apply into the production of knowledge intensive products, services and
technologies; to link the investments with the demand and interest of
producers.
The public-private partnership, in the framework of R&D and technological
renewal of economic sectors, shall be undertaken in line with the following
principles:
To jointly finance, from the state budget and private sector, the activities
aimed to develop the applied research and innovation infrastructure;
To enhance the competitiveness of key industry sectors through technology
renewal and effective regulation of R&D activities;
To promote from the state the private sector participation in enabling of
Chapter THREE.
POLICY OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES TO DEVELOP SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY FOR 2020
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Chapter THREE. POLICY OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES TO DEVELOP SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR 2020
innovation market in the academic sector;
To implement the S&T priority areas by means of targeted programs; to
increase the non-government resources for the implementation.
3) Policy priorities of S&T
1. To reform the management, financial system, legal framework of S&T
operations in line with the social, market demands, the National and regional
development trends, effective use of the sector resources;
2. In promoting the “Academia-Science-Industry” integrated partnership to
encourage the training of highly qualified engineers, analysts and professionals,
and to undertake those academic and research works as the priority that
are in line with the market development trends and demands;
3. To increase the role of S&T in the nation’s development through directing
the capacity and resources of the National S&T at addressing the social
and economic challenges of priority industry sectors such as exploration of
minerals, mining, agriculture, and energy;
4. To establish and develop national innovation infrastructure to train the
professionals, and to ensure the legal framework that enables innovation
activities in all sectors;
5. To develop strategic basic research that focuses on progressive ideas and
initiatives for the technological innovation;
6. To fully introduce and apply the information and communication technology
into education, health, civil service, business and commerce sectors.
3.2. Vision, Mission, and Values of the S&T sector
1) Vision
In the XXI century Mongolian S&T follows the primary principle to “be a nation
developing the science based on new knowledge and advanced technology”, to
practice the national innovation system as a driving force for social and economic
development for 2020, and to ensure secure and quality living of the people by
creating and producing advanced knowledge and by continuously supporting the
science and technology progress and development,
2) Mission
The mission of the science and technology of Mongolia is to practice the effective
management and finance systems based on the social and market demands,
ensure ecological balance, by supporting effective utilization of sectoral resources,
by facilitating effective education-science-industry collaboration, by gaining
comparative advantage through enhanced competitiveness of small and medium
enterprises, and by maintaining environmental and ecological balance.
3) Values of the S&T
Intellectual capital
Integration of Research and Education
Innovation Partnership
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Chapter THREE. POLICY OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES TO DEVELOP SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR 2020
3.3. S&T development policy goals and strategies
Goal 1. Establish and develop a competitive R&D sector that meets market needs
and demands
Strategy 1.1. To identify the S&T priorities and enable its implementation
system in line with the structural changes of the economy and
development trends
Strategy 1.2. To enhance the selection of R&D works to be financed from
the public funds by optimizing the management, structure, and
financing mechanisms of science and technology sector
Strategy 1.3. Restructuring the research organizations, enhance their
capacity building, make structural changes in the Government
R&D sector
Strategy 1.4. To intensify the collaboration among research institutes and
universities
Strategy 1.5. To introduce significant reforms in the S&T human resource
management
Goal 2. Create an effective national innovation system
Strategy 2.1. To create economic stimuli for the collaboration of science-
industry activities and joint research work
Strategy 2.2. Implement a policy supporting all types innovation funding
Strategy 2.3. Create and develop the innovation infrastructure
Strategy 2.4. Establish a system that prepares specialists, and provides
information and consulting service that are useful for
participants in innovation activities
Goal 3. Improve the legal and institutional system of protecting and utilizing the
results of R&D
Strategy 3.1. Improve the system of protecting and utilizing the intellectual
property rights
Strategy 3.2. Establish an information database of government-financed
R&D results; support and stimulate the activities related to
commercialization and popularization of research results
Goal 4. Reforming economy on the basis of technological innovation
Strategy 4.1. Increase the demand on innovation in industrial sector, promote
the technological renovation, support the efforts to
intensify the technology development, create the conditions
for formation of innovation clusters and network.Make a
technological reform in the economy by developing advanced
technologies and by actively participating in the international
technological cooperation, and improve the technology
competitiveness
Strategy 4.3. Create a sustainable legal and organizational environment
supporting the S&T cooperation between public and private
sectors
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Chapter THREE. POLICY OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES TO DEVELOP SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR 2020
Strategy 4.4. Create a long-term technology forecast system of Mongolia
Strategy 4.5. Strengthening the role of R&D sector in the national economic
system
Goal 5. Enhance the effectiveness of international science and technology
cooperation
Strategy 5.1. Identify priority cooperation areas in the international and
regional S&T, involve the Mongolian researchers studying
and working abroad in the national research work, improve
the capacity of laboratories, increase the funding from foreign
sources for the preparation of young researchers.
Strategy 5.2. In order to develop the S&T priority areas, create a legal
environment for the distribution of some part of the international
aids and loans, provided to the Government, to the S&T
sector.
3.4. Activities to implement the strategies, expected outcomes
Goal 1. Establish and develop a competitive R&D sector that meets market needs
and demands
Strategy 1.1. To identify the S&T priorities and enable its implementation
system in line with the structural changes of the economy and
development trends
Implementation approaches
1) To define and develop the national priorities of S&T and key
technologies.
Elaborate the methods of identifying the S&T priorities and the list of key
technologies, create legal and other environments, and provide information
necessary for its implementation information. Largely use this method in the
elaboration of the targeted economic technological program and projects
of the concrete economic sector.
Support and finance the research and experimental works conducted by
universities, research institutes and business enterprises.
The requirements when identifying the S&T priorities and key technologies
are: 1) the priority should be able to solve simultaneously a number
of important national problems or aimed to provide a solution to long
term sustainable development of one of the sectors, 2) be able to play a
predominant role in the solution of current and future challenges in the
economy, society, science and technology, 3) be able to influence other
fields and stream lines of the S&T, have a cross-sectoral character, 4) the
priorities should have the level and outcome recognized at international
level, be able to participate in the international scientific cooperation and
attract foreign investments.
The research priorities for 2010, within the framework of the subsectors of
the S&T, responding to the above mentioned requirements are defined as
below mentioned:
I. Research priorities of the Natural sciences
1. Develop geo-science basic research studies
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Chapter THREE. POLICY OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES TO DEVELOP SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR 2020
2. Make a comprehensive assessment of ecological situation of Mongolia,
create a technology and facilities reducing the environmental pollution of
anthropogenic character
3. Conduct a comprehensive study of biological resources of Mongolia, and
develop chemical and biological processing SMEs to produce specific and
biologically active products.
II. Research priorities of Agricultural sciences
1. Protect and study the biological reserves of livestock, flora and fauna, utilize the
biological, biotechnological and genetic methods in diagnosing and treatment
2. Cultivate new types of seeds acclimatized to the climate and environment
changes of Mongolia, develop a technology of ecological complex of
agriculture
3. Improve the monitoring methods of reserves and utilization of pastures,
restore the pasture and land in degradation.
III. Research priorities of Technique and Technological sector
1. Create the technology of extraction of minerals and the technology to restore
and process the final product;
2. Seek for energy efficient and renewable new technologies, seek for new
minerals and construction raw materials, and develop new materials based
on advanced technology.
3. Increase the competitiveness of woolen and cashmere products in the
international market by improving traditional national technology and
acclimatizing the advanced foreign technology.
4. Electronics production and information technology.
IV. Research priorities of Medical sciences
1. Improve the areas of: food security, food and nourishment, the spreading of
infectious diseases, immunization, traditions and practices related to the
healthy environment, the health of mother and child.
2. Improve the diseases related to: blood circulation, main diseases of children,
youth and women, the diabetes, liver disorder. Develop the technology of
transplantation and elaborate the bio-technological diagnostics.
3. Theoretical studies on technologies to develop and produce new medicines;
conduct integrated studies of traditional and modern medicine.
V. Research priorities of Social sciences and Humanities
1. Conduct studies on the native language of the Mongols, its history, civilization,
literature, art, philosophy, ethnical origins, traditions, customs, the mode of
life.
2. The social and economic studies on futurology, study of science, politics and
law.
3. Researches on the policy of neighboring countries, and of Western and
Eastern developed countries concerning Mongolia, and study multilateral
problems of relationships and cooperation with these countries.
2) Concentrate resources in priority areas of the S&T development
The selection of research areas should take into account the following
requirements:
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Chapter THREE. POLICY OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES TO DEVELOP SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR 2020
1. the research field should have the priority place in the National
economy or international scientific program,
2. have an important role in improving the quality of life,
3. to be aimed at strengthening the National security,
4. accelerate the industrial technological development, increase its
competitiveness,
5. improve the development of agriculture, increase the amount and
quality of food for population,
6. create a comprehensive cluster in the National economy based on
S&T.
Make systematic update on the S&T priorities and key technologies,
coordinate it with the concrete stages of social and economic development,
develop and perform optimal rapport of the basic and applied studies;
Introduce the forms of science-industry cooperation in accordance with the
market demand, create a favorable legal environment, assure the financial
supply;
Promote joint involvement of state and private sectors in setting S&T
research priorities and key technologies;
Strategy 1.2. To enhance the selection of R&D works to be financed from
the public funds by optimizing the management, structure, and
financing mechanisms of science and technology sector
Implementation approaches
Develop a flexible administrative and organizational system of the S&T that
can facilitate the implementation of the priority tasks;
Create few numbers of large National research centers to address the
common goals and issues of Mongolia; consequently, increase research
expenditure, concentrate the resources, and enhance the S&T and socio-
economic impact of research work. The research centers to be created:
o National research center of biology resources
o National research center of agriculture
o Medical research institute
o National research center of mineral resources
o Technology center of energy development
Establish a unified system to monitor and evaluate the funding distribution,
utilization, and performance of research work;
Increase the financing resources of the S&T, improve the methods
of calculation, planning and expenditures, and optimize the funding
mechanism;
Transfer from current system of financing the organization and staff to the
system of financing research projects, in particular, few major targeted
programs;
Develop the quantity and quality indicators of assessing the development
level of S&T and its statistics, create an information database.
Strategy 1.3. Restructuring the research organizations, enhance their capacity
building, make structural changes in the Government R&D sector
Implementation approaches
Improve the research organizations’ capacity building by increasing the
efficiency their activities, taking into account the distinctive characteristics
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020
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Chapter THREE. POLICY OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES TO DEVELOP SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR 2020
of the organizations when conducting basic and applied researches;
Resolve the matters related to financial sources that is necessary for the
renovation of equipments and laboratories of the research organizations;
Restructuring S&T sector by creating a monitoring and assessment system
of the activities and performances of research organizations;
Establish a legal environment to estimate the value of intellectual properties
and to include in the intangible assets of the research organization;
Enforce the clauses of Law on calculating the value of and registering the
intangible assets;
Create a non-profit, NGO within the framework of the S&T priorities, support
and expand their R&D activities, provide a favorable legal environment;
Strategy 1.4. To intensify the collaboration among research institutes and
universities
Implementation approaches
Implement a policy that ensures the coherence of research institutes and
universities that conduct basic researches;
Create joint research teams and groups of scientists and researchers of
Universities and research institutes;
Provide government support to create campuses at the Universities and
specialized scientific villages;
Increase the number and amount of research grants offered to young
researchers and professors of the University;
Support the initiative to create complexes and research-education-
production centers to be shared by research and educational
organizations;
Transform and develop some Universities in the form of innovation and
“research” University, obtain support of international organizations in the
activities of research-education centers;
Strategy 1.5. To introduce significant reforms in the S&T human resource
management
Implementation approaches
Development and implement a program on “Training and supporting young
researchers”;
Appreciate in adequate manner the achievement of the scientists and
academic staff in research and experimental works, resolve the wage and
other social issues of R&D personnel;
Create favorable good living and working conditions for scientists specialized
in priority areas of S&T, take measures creating legal environment and
economic stimulation for supporting talented free-lance researchers;
Develop and implement a document on ethics of scientists and
researchers
Expected outcome:
The S&T sector will develop in sustainable manner and rapidly, thanks to
the creation of internationally competitive knowledge, creation of conditions
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Chapter THREE. POLICY OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES TO DEVELOP SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR 2020
for its re-production, and development of competitive R&D sector in the
country and abroad;
Creation of a favorable good living and working conditions for S&T
personnel;
Improved utilization of human and financial resources;
Enhanced resources to solve complex of some socio-economic issues due
to creation of at least five National research centers;
Improved effectiveness of sector activities as the result of elaboration of
S&T administrative, organizational, and financial mechanisms;
Improved research-education collaboration
Goal 2. Create an effective national innovation system
Strategy 2.1. To create economic stimuli for the collaboration of science-
industry activities and joint research work
Implementation approaches
Support and stimulate co-funding of R&D by public and private sectors,
strengthen the cooperation between public and private sectors in the field
of science and technology;
State support in the implementation of joint R&D by firms and research
institutions in the framework of S&T priorities;
Coordinate closely the selection of government-funded R&D themes with
innovation activities;
Organize innovation activity as a principal form of activity of research
institutes and universities;
State support in creating, at research institutes and universities, the unit of
technology transfer, incubator center, high-tech SME;
Establish a council on technology policy at regional and national levels;
Strategy 2.2. Implement a policy supporting all types innovation funding
Implementation approaches
Create a system of continuous funding for projects at all phases of
innovation
Create a venture fund in order to finance “Zehets ajil” and other activities
such as developing and experimenting utility models, patenting, and
marketing that is coordinated with the strategic and business plan;
Establish legal environment for continuous support for all phases of
innovation activities through financial policy;
Expand state support on activities of startup innovation firms;
Improve the legal environment on regulating the financial risks of
innovation;
Develop the cooperation of the parties involved in the innovation system;
Create legal framework of owning, protecting, transferring and using the
results of government-financed innovation projects;
Strategy 2.3. Create and develop the innovation infrastructure
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Chapter THREE. POLICY OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES TO DEVELOP SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR 2020
Implementation approaches
Develop the production-technological infrastructure (technology park,
innovation and technology center, business incubator, technology transfer
center);
Develop the forms of cooperation of parties involved in the innovation
system;
Adopt the law on legal status of the elements of innovation infrastructure
that was created with the participation of state property;
Within the framework of economic priority areas, create and develop
innovation infrastructure based on large regional industries;
Provide state support aiming to create the centers responsible for:
conducting the technological research, patenting, finding investors,
protecting the legal rights of intellectual property;
Strategy 2.4. Establish a system that prepares specialists, and provides
information and consulting service that are useful for participants
in innovation activities
Implementation approaches
Create a specialized National information database responsible for
supporting innovation activities in order to protect, popularize and
commercialize the results of government-financed innovation research;
Create (independent, or under the research institute or university) centers
of specialized education and consulting services on protection of intellectual
property, standardization, delivering certificates, conducting technological
evaluations;
Establish, in the framework of innovation, a continued multi-level training
system, introduce and diffuse the innovation culture in the science and
production fields;
Prepare specialized human resources in innovation activities; conduct a
specialized training;
Provide the colleges and universities – that have a license to conduct
training on innovation policy and management – with skilled instructors and
professors, enhance the learning environment;
Advertise by mass media the results and achievements of successfully
implemented innovation activities; regularly, organize the innovation
exhibitions and trade fairs.
Expected outcome
Establishment of an effective national infrastructure, legal environment,
and management for innovation activities;
Development of market relations (1) in use of intellectual resources, (2)
innovation assets, (3) innovation products, (4) services supporting the
innovation;
Creation of multiple forms of funding and government supports for innovation
activities;
Creation of advanced technology based innovation clusters as the result of
enhanced science – industry collaboration.
34
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020
Chapter THREE. POLICY OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES TO DEVELOP SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR 2020
Goal 3. Improve the legal and institutional system of protecting and utilizing
the results of R&D
Strategy 3.1. Improve the system of protecting and utilizing the intellectual
property rights
Implementation approaches
Develop quantity and quality indicators to assess R&D results; create an
information database of these results, detailed S&T statistics and other
S&T information, and diffuse them;
Improve the mechanisms of protecting, introducing, utilizing, monitoring
and assessing the Government-financed research results and findings;
Set the intellectual productivity as main criteria and indicator to evaluate
and assess the capacity of research institute and researchers;
Intensify the cooperation among research, public and private sectors on
commercializing and utilizing the results of research work.
Strategy 3.2. Establish an information database of government-financed
R&D results; support and stimulate the activities related to
commercialization and popularization of research results
Implementation approaches
Create a unified information database of government-financed research
and scientific work;
Adopt and apply the rules and procedures regulating the use of research
results financed by the state and joint financing. The interests of all involved
parties (author, employer, contractor, executor, investor) will be protected
in a balanced manner;
Provide the opportunity for domestic firms to openly access information
database on research results financed by the state budget;
In special circumstances, take measures aiming to utilize the research
results, financed by the state, through license agreement, free of charge;
also in special cases, allow the sale of the research results through auction
bids;
Provide public awareness efforts on the protection of rights and use of the
intellectual property.
Expected outcome
Increased opportunity for research organizations and researchers to
benefit from their academic work as the result of improved intellectual
property utilization and protection;
Establishment of information database on R&D results; consequently,
increased opportunity to utilize and commercialize these results;
Increase in the number of license agreements of R&D results.
Goal 4. Reforming economy on the basis of technological innovation
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020
35
Chapter THREE. POLICY OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES TO DEVELOP SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR 2020
Strategy 4.1. Increase the demand on innovation in industrial sector, promote
the technological renovation, support the efforts to intensify the
technology development, create the conditions for formation
of innovation clusters and network. Make a technological
reform in the economy by developing advanced technologies
and by actively participating in the international technological
cooperation, and improve the technology competitiveness
Implementation approaches
Create a stable integration of science and technology by stimulating the
industrial sectors’ demand on innovation and research results.
Create favorable conditions for increasing foreign investment based on high
technology;
Introduce a system providing long-term discounted loans primarily for
production of the high technology products.
Provide tax discounts on domestic advanced technology products, for a
specified period, in order to facilitate the exports of such products.
Elaborate and execute the plan of implementing and using the advanced
technology developed by domestic research organizations.
Organize exhibitions and trade fairs of high technology goods and services.
Strategy 4.2. Create a sustainable legal and organizational environment
supporting the S&T cooperation between public and private
sectors
Implementation approaches
Improve the participation of private sector in the innovation programs and
projects.
Enhance the interest and involvement of private sector in contracting and
implementing innovation and S&T projects, and utilizing its results.
Take necessary measure to promote the co-funding of major national
innovation projects by Mongolian Development Fund, SME supporting
fund, National S&T Foundation; simultaneously, increase the amount of
Government funding for the projects.
Establish and develop the innovation “active” zones, such as science villages,
technology parks, free economic zones; enhance the involvement of private
sectors in the activities of these zones.
Strategy 4.3. Create a long-term technology forecast system of Mongolia
Implementation approaches
Build a sustainable system to forecast long-term technology development
of Mongolia.
Create a system to analyze and assess the S&T situation of Mongolia level.
Conduct studies on trends of international S&T development.
Define the indicators to measure the industry’s innovation development
level and their innovation activity performance; continuously update the
indicators.
36
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020
Chapter THREE. POLICY OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES TO DEVELOP SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR 2020
Strategy 4.4. Strengthening the role of R&D sector in the national economic
system
Implementation approaches
Develop and implement the priority areas of science-industry collaboration
in conformity with the development trends of the priority socio-economic
sectors;
Substantially increase the contribution of research institutions in
economic renovation by improving the outcome of their activities and their
competitiveness at international level;
Actively introduce and adopt foreign advanced technologies;
Expected outcome
Improved capability of industrial sectors to absorb the technology; enhanced
capacity to steadily develop this technology and conform it to the global
economic technological needs.
Developing advanced technologies will create favorable conditions to
technologically restructure the economy.
Establishment of favorable conditions to create a “technological network”
based on advanced technology.
Establishment of a favorable legal environment to introduce the technologies
– developed by domestic research organization – in the industrial and
service sectors;
Expansion of science-industry collaboration due to increase in numbers of
technology SMEs;
Creation of a system to forecast demands on and development of
technology;
Expansion of a market for commercialization of intellectual capitals and
knowledge.
Establishment of a system to stimulate the development of advanced
technologies and to increase the demand on innovation;
Increase of interest and involvement of private sector in contracting,
implementing, and funding the innovation and S&T programs and projects,
and utilizing its results.
Goal 5. Enhance the effectiveness of international science and technology
cooperation
Strategy 5.1. Identify priority cooperation areas in the international and regional
S&T, involve the Mongolian researchers studying and working
abroad in the national research work, improve the capacity of
laboratories, increase the funding from foreign sources for the
preparation of young researchers
Implementation approaches
Expand the international S&T collaboration, increase its effectiveness;
develop and implement a program to participate actively in the regional
research cooperation;
To identify the countries and organization to collaborate on international
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020
37
Chapter THREE. POLICY OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES TO DEVELOP SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR 2020
S&T activities;
Participate actively in the international and regional S&T cooperation,
effectively utilize the resources of the Mongolian researchers studying and
working abroad;
Allocate some part of the foreign aid and loan to the Government for
preparing young researchers in order to strengthen the equipment and
laboratory supplies; enhance the specialization of young researchers on
science priority areas;
Strategy 5.2. In order to develop the S&T priority areas, create a legal
environment for the distribution of some part of the international
aids and loans, provided to the Government, to the S&T sector
Implementation approaches
Activate the participation of domestic and international donors and
participants in the development and implementation of the S&T programs;
create a tripartite cooperation of “International donors-MECS-participants
in S&T activities”;
Concentrate domestic and international investments in the development of
the S&T priorities;
To implement the goals and activities of the Master plan through international
cooperation and agreement.
Expected outcomes
Increased involvement of Mongolian scientists and researchers in
international research programs and projects.
Creation of stimuli to attract Mongolian researchers – who study and work
in developed countries – in the participation of domestic research work;
Enhanced activities in the adoption of advanced foreign technologies
Increased foreign aid and support (technology, funding, human resources)
in the development of S&T priorities.
3.5. Favorable factors and potential risks
1) Favorable factors and opportunities
Availability of intellectual and other resources and capacities in the
education and science sector;
Inherited traditions of collaboration between S&T and higher
education;
Increased budget revenues thanks to the stable prices of gold and
copper in global markets, and hence, favorable opportunities for
increased technology imports;
Multinational corporations’ trends to locate production and technology
complexes in a distributed manner;
Opportunities to improve the R&D base and to train R&D personnel,
within the framework of collaboration with foreign countries and
organizations;
Increasing interest of producers to develop advanced technologies and
innovation infrastructure, and to engage in innovation activities;
Intellectual potentials of Mongolian scholars and researchers working
38
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020
abroad.
2) Potential risks
Decreased productivity, competitiveness, and efficiency of human
resources and increased cheap workforce imports, due to growing
number of firms that have little technology contents and limited value
addition;
Possibility of continued weak interest among producers to commit to a
long-term business development;
Uncertainty of the degree of commitment and preparedness of
public agencies to re-allocate and concentrate budget resources on
selected priority areas of S&T. The likelihood of this risk is high, and the
consequences will be the undelivered targets, the delays in meeting
deadlines, the increased transaction costs;
Budget constraints due to worsened macroeconomic environment;
possible economic risks due to increased prices of export raw materials
at external markets. The risks of the possible delays and the undelivered
targets can be addressed through adjustments in management system,
re-allocation of resources in priority areas, additional mobilization of
non-budgetary funds, and adjustments in the operational approaches;
Errors in estimation of efficiency of R&D sector operations. Its effect,
during the implementation of the Master plan and its programs, may
lead to delays, increased costs and undelivered targets. These errors
can be fixed at the operational level;
Errors in estimation of efficiency of partnership and collaborative
initiatives of science-industry. During the implementation of the
Master plan and its programs, this could lead to delays, increased
costs and undelivered targets. In this case these errors can be fixed
at the operational level. It could also require amendments in some
legislations;
Unfavorable international political, economic, and technological factors
(force majore risks).
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020
39
Chapter FOUR. FINANCIAL FRAMEWORK OF THE MASTER PLAN IMPLEMENTATION
According to projections, if science and technology activities continue to be financed
based on current trends, by 2020 the expenditures will not exceed 0.37 percent of
GDP. Under this alternative, the policy goals and activity plans of this Master plan
are almost impossible to be realized. Therefore, this option is considered as the
last resort which will be pursed under the most unfavorable economic conditions of
the country. The financial projections of the S&T Master Plan were based on S&T
sector assessment of Mongolia in conformity with two alternative options.
The projections were calculated based on the principles of developing S&T capacity
in an “intelligent” manner, increasing its positive effect on the economic growth,
and consequently establishing and developing the basis of the national innovation
system.
The budget expenditures for S&T activities amount to 49.9 billion tugrik in the first
phase, 215.2 billion tugrik in the second phase, and 630.2 billion tugrik in the third
phase. The financing for science and technology activities was estimated at 1.52
percent of GDP by 2015 and 2.37 percent of GDP by 2020. The state expenditure
on S&T is estimated at 0.92 percent of GDP by 2015 and 1.50 percent by 2020.
These figures are the minimum estimate amounts for full implementation of the
tasks and activities of the Master plan.
It is projected that the funding for the Master plan will derive from two sources.
Firstly, the funding from government budget to implement the Master plan
activities (developing the S&T and innovation priorities, creating the innovation
infrastructure, establishing and supporting small innovation enterprises) were
calculated. Secondly, it is projected to finance some activities – such as promoting
science and innovation of science and public sectors, increase the demand on
innovation in the business sector – from non-government sources.
The projected expenditures for the implementation of the Master Plan in 2007-
2020 amount to 1,786.0 billion tugrik from which 920.8 billion will be financed
from the Government budget and 865.2 billion tugrik to be financed from non-
government sources. More detailed calculations and plans of expenditures are
attached in Annex 1.
Chapter FOUR.
FINANCIAL FRAMEWORK OF THE MASTER PLAN
IMPLEMENTATION
41
Chapter FIVE. THE MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK OF THE MASTER PLAN IMPLEMENTATION
5.1. The management in regulating the implementation of the Master
Plan
The S&T Master Plan of Mongolia in 2007-2020 will be implemented through the
action plan coordinated with the basic policies on social and economic development
and mid-term objectives, and based on the structure and system of science,
technology, innovation and industrial sectors.
The targeted programs will closely coordinate the national science, technology and
innovation resources and capacities with the policy on developing the industrial
sector, and with the objectives and activities of the technological programs
of economic sectors. Also the capacities of the National R&D and innovation
infrastructure will be used effectively to the maximum extend.
On the other hand, the strategy and programs of economic sectors should respond
to the needs of activating the innovation, ensuring the competitiveness of national
industries in the international technology market, fully exploiting and developing
R&D capacities and resources of the country.
5.2. Distribution of duties and responsibilities
1) The role, responsibility, and leadership of the Government will be
crucial administrative and organizational factors for the implementation of the
Master Plan. The Government of Mongolia will assume the below-mentioned duties
in undertaking the Master Plan:
To be consistent in implementing the objectives and tasks, defined by the
plan; to create a favorable policy and legal environment needed for its
performance; to provide funding support;
The funding gaps of resources for the implementation of the Master Plan will
be financed from international resources in the framework of the National
policy coordinating the foreign aid to Mongolia.
To ensure the coordination of the activities of Ministries in order to
implement the plan and to create a unified management and organization
arrangements at national and local levels;
To ensure the participation of domestic and international actors in the
execution of the plan, providing leadership and coordination;
To develop and implement the medium, short term and annual plans at a
national level. The implementation of the plan will be assessed at each stage
in collaboration with concerned parties, and reported to the Government
and all other concerned parties;
CHAPTER FIVE.
THE MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK OF THE MASTER PLAN
IMPLEMENTATION
42
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020
To strengthen, in national and local level, the capacities of the S&T
administration and planning, its monitoring and assessment;
2) National Council of Science and Technology will coordinate the cross-
sectoral research and experimental works of Ministries will assume the following
duties:
To discuss a progress reports on the implementation of the Master Plan
and develop a recommendation;
To develop a recommendation aiming to define the ways of increasing the
efficiency of the Plan taking into account the results of its performance and
the tendencies of foreign and domestic innovation development;
To develop a recommendation on the types of procurement in the context
of Master Plan implementation and on the necessary amount of financing;
To discuss scientific, technological and organizational challenges in the course
of implementation of the Master Plan and to develop a recommendation on
solving those challenges;
To develop a recommendation on determining the activities, programs,
projects, and their necessary funding which will be undertaken in the year;
To review and assess the S&T activity reports of Science and Technology
Councils of the Ministries. The final conclusions of this report will be used by
sectoral Ministries, research institutes and the MECS to develop the plan
and to project the annual budget for the following year;
3) The Ministry of Education, Culture and Science is a coordinating
body in implementing the targeted programs. In the framework of implementing
the program, MECS will develop a system for knowledge creation, establish the
innovation infrastructure, create a legal environment for utilizing innovation and
applied researches in economic sectors. In the strategic framework of implementing
the Master Plan, MECS will assume the below mentioned duties:
To provide standardized methodological administration of the Master Plan
implementation, to coordinate and analyze the implementation, and submit
to the Government consolidated reports of the implementation progress
and evaluation/monitoring every two years;
To monitor the activities of the organizations implementing the tasks and
actions, reflected in the Master Plan;
To develop draft laws needed for the implementation of the Master Plan
and submit it to the Government;
To elaborate, approve and enforce the legal norms needed for the
implementation of this plan;
To inform the public, through media, about the Master Plan’s implementation
progress, spending, results, and achievements.
Assess the implementation progress of concrete activities/actions,
reflected in the Master Plan and undertake necessary actions.
By the end implementation stage period of the Master Plan, to prepare a
detailed report on the progress, setbacks, and achievements of the planned
tasks; develop an action plan for the further stages and submit it to the
government;
With participation of with other Ministries, the Mongolian Academy of
Sciences and business sector to identify the S&T priorities, update the list
43
Chapter FIVE. THE MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK OF THE MASTER PLAN IMPLEMENTATION
of core technologies, and organize and implement concrete activities;
To create a unified information data base of government-funded science
and research works, make it publicly available;
To evaluate the technological levels of economic sectors, to analyze the
perspectives of research and technology development with participation
of the sectoral Ministries, the Mongolian Academy of Sciences, and
professional organizations;
To develop a proposal on the establishment of cross-sectoral working
group on the coordination of research works and technology programs of
the concerned sectors;
To organize the establishment of innovation infrastructure through close
cooperation between the Ministries of the concerned sectors;
4) The sectoral Ministries (MoF, MoIC, MoFE, MoFA, MoE, MoH, MoCUD,
MoRTT) will organize activities related to development, implementation of policies
on the technological reformation of the sector.
The following S&T related tasks and activities will be implemented:
Develop and implement a unified policy on S&T
Enhance the S&T and innovation capacity of the relevant sector
Incorporate the issues of the relevant sector in the ““Identifying and
implementing S&T priorities and key technologies of Mongolia” program
Develop, contract, and implement S&T programs and projects within the
sector
Evaluate and assess the performance of R&D results; support the
commercialization of R&D results
Take necessary measures to enhance science-industry collaboration
within the sector
Cooperate closely with research institutes, colleges and universities
5) Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ministries, agencies and state
Funds (National S&T Foundation and other national funds) supporting the science
and technological activities will participate in identifying and implementing the
research priorities and in developing the national innovation system. Also, the
Mongolian Academy of Sciences will assume the duty to coordinate the government-
financed basic researches.
5.3. Stages and terms of implementation
The objectives of the program will be implemented through three stages:
First stage 2007-2010
Second stage 2011-2015
Third stage 2016-2020
The activities and their funding are projected in conformity with the main goals.
44
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020
Table 5.1. Activity areas
First stage
2007-2010
Second stage
2011-2015
Third stage
2016-2020
Main goal
Develop R&D sector relying on oriented
basic research
Increase industrial sector’s demand on
technological innovation
Establish innovation infrastructure,
coordinate their activities
Strengthen the role of R&D sector in the economy
Develop and implement the targeted programs
in conformity with S&T priorities and core
technologies
Create an effective and comprehensive innovation
system
Provide a sustainable development of a
knowledge creating R&D sector
Expand the framework of targeted programs
in conformity with S&T priorities and core
technologies
Enhance the technological capacity of
industrial organizations and strengthen the
international competitiveness of domestic
high technology firms
Ensure the sustainable development of an
effective innovation system
Approaches to guide and manage the resources
Decrease the amount of funding for non-
priority S&T and increase the amount of
funding for strategic basic researches
Increase the wage of scientists and
researchers
Improve the allocation and efficiency of
government budget funding
Concentrate the government budget
support on commercialization of innovation
project results
Renew the base of scientific equipment and
facilities and increase the amount of investment
Increase the government budget funding for major
research programs
Funding research projects, implemented in
collaboration with foreign organizations in the
context of priority areas
Increase the participation of business sector in the
co-funding the research projects of priority areas
Increase the required budget financing for
establishing innovation production technology
infrastructure
Increase the necessary amount of funding for
the implementation of large-scale technology
programs. Decrease the amount of
government funding and increase the funding
amount of non-government sources
Increase the amount of budget expenditure
in creating major elements of S&T
infrastructure
Enhance the role and participation of S&T
specialized funds in the financing of R&D
sector; Increase the research funding for
joint international research programs with
the assistance of foreign S&T foundations
Increase the investment private enterprises
in the science and innovation sector
Increase the role of private enterprises in the
development of innovation infrastructure
45
Chapter FIVE. THE MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK OF THE MASTER PLAN IMPLEMENTATION
Measures to be undertaken
Increase the efficiency of R&D activities
Establish a system of identifying and implementing
the R&D priorities. Ensure the participation of
science, industry, and government sectors in
identifying the priorities
Conduct the reevaluation of properties of the
research institutes
Provide legal framework for ensuring the continuity
of the functions of research institutes, following the
privatization
Establish a system of National research center and
laboratory; create the conditions for organizing its
activities
Assess the competitive level and development
trends of S&T
Create a monitoring and evaluation system of the
activities of research institutions
Increase the volume of capacity building of
research institutions and commercialize the
results of intellectual activities
Improve the system of legal protection of S&T
results
Create favorable environment to transfer the
intellectual property ownership rights, created by
government funding, to the research institutes and
innovation firms
Support the research institutes and universities in
patenting the research results
Provide financial support from the government in
commercializing research results
Create favorable conditions for government
and business sector cooperation in the field of
innovation
Provide government support for creating a long-
term demand on innovation in the production
sector
Develop and implement 3-4 large-scale
targeted programs in the field of technology
Support and stimulate the funding from
business enterprises in R&D activities,
and support the outsourcing of R&D and
technologies within a firm
Provide financial support from the Government in
conducting joint research by research institutes,
universities and business sector
Concretize the conditions and requirements of
government-financed R&D performed by private
firms
Create favorable environment and interests for
the investment in R&D
Ensure a constant increase in the government
budget for the program of the Master Plan
Constantly increase the expenditures needed for
renewal of equipments for research works
Create a training-research centers and
“Research University” by intensifying the
science-education collaboration
Improve the cooperation between
government and business sectors in
the field of science and innovation
Create a system, where the business
sector is funding strategic researches
of significant social impact
Enhance the involvement of private
sector in the activities of S&T funds
Expand the participation of private
sector in the development of innovation
infrastructure
Commercialization of advanced
technologies
Create new conditions for making R&D
an integral part of the economy
Implement major cross-sectoral
economic and scientific projects,
commercialize their results in order to
reach a new technological level
Implement major S&T action projects
at the national research centers
Increase the amount of foreign and
domestic investments in the R&D
Restructure some research institutes,
without changing the profile of the
research, in order to attract foreign
investment
Provide support in establishment of
science-production complexes
46
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020
Measures to be undertaken
Develop the cooperation between scientific and
education institutions, support and train young
researchers
Develop a program to support and train young
researchers
Provide research grants for young researchers
Support the practice of students at the research
institutes and their participation in research
projects
Create and develop research and training centers
at universities
Support technological renovation in industrial
sectors
Support the dissemination and propagation of
progressive experiences of the organizations with
active innovation activities
Actively support the participation and involvement in
the international technological activities
Participate in the regional and international R&D
Intensify the science and technological cooperation
with the countries of the region; create joint
research centers
Interrelate the R&D activities with the international
programs and projects, implemented at regional
level
Provide Government funding for the priority research
project implemented jointly with foreign countries
Support the creation of Center of Excellence in the
field of science and technology
Create National research centers and network of
laboratories in the priority sectors and fields
Create advanced industrial technologies in the
National research center, laboratories, and
“Research Universities”; create Center of Excellence
the main goal of which is to disseminate these
technologies in economic sectors
Develop financial and production-technology
infrastructure of innovation
Create a venture fund in order to support the
innovation activities
Support the major research institutes and
universities in the creation of the business incubator
and technological parks
State assistance in the creation of technology
diffusion zones
Support the creation innovation clusters in the
regional level
Increase the amount of foreign and
domestic investments in the R&D
Restructure some research
institutes, without changing the
profile of the research, in order to
attract foreign investment
Provide support in establishment of
science-production complexes
Develop the science infrastructure
Establish the major elements of
science infrastructure, support the
creation on this basis scientific and
innovation clusters
Create specialized funds supporting
the scientific and technological
activities
Develop a market of intellectual
production and high technology
In order to increase the
commercialization of government-
financed research results, support
the transfer of rights and utilization
of intellectual properties
Stimulate the capacity building
of the intellectual properties of
research institutes
Develop the system of “High
technology market”
47
Chapter FIVE. THE MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK OF THE MASTER PLAN IMPLEMENTATION
The targeted programs will be developed based on the following factors and
conditions:
1) The preconditions of developing and implementing new technological
targeted programs are as follows:
1. Be able to compete at international market
2. Have the capacity to develop the necessary technological and workforce
resources
3. Have a widespread framework and amplitude of the cooperation between
state and business institutions; assured commitment of private sector to
participate in the implementation of the programs.
2) The following five principles are required in the development of the
cross-sectoral targeted programs:
1. The themes of the Program will aim at implementing the technological
solutions, developed in the country.
2. The program will aim at using R&D results to produce advanced technologies,
commercialize and penetrate them in economic sectors; at the same time,
the opportunities to use foreign technologies shall be limitless.
3. The program will be implemented by cooperation between state and
business sectors; most of the funding in high technology production and
services will be invested by business sector.
4. The management of the program should be flexible in promptly using new
science findings and technological solutions.
5. The outcome of the program should manifest by its sustainability and
capacity for further development; in other words, the positive outcome and
effects in the course of the implementation of the program should continue
even after its completion.
The tasks, identified in the Master Plan, will be implemented within the framework
of the National and sector targeted programs.
Table 5.2. Targeted programs to be implemented in the first stage of the Master plan
Targeted programs Content Framework Launch
1. “Identifying and
implementing S&T priorities
and key technologies of
Mongolia” program
Create a system of
identifying and implementing
the priorities and key
technologies through
discussion and participation of
specialists, researchers and
businessmen and decision-
makers
National 2007
2. “National innovation
system development”
program
Establishing the basis of
effective national innovation
system that responds to
distinctive characteristics of
Mongolia
National 2007
48
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020
3. “Enhancing S&T
information, monitoring,
and evaluation system”
program
Creating an information
system that can provide the
necessary information in the
of policy development and
decision-making process
in the field of science and
technology
Cross-
sectoral
2008
4.”Development of
advanced technology in
Mongolia” program
Developing advanced
technologies targeted at:
improving the research
capacity; responding to
the multifaceted needs of
the industry, population;
facilitating the sustainable
development of the country;
creating favorable conditions
of good living, increasing the
export
National 2007
5. “Training and supporting
young researchers”
program
Within the framework of
priority directions prepare
young generation of the
science; improve the
conditions and environment of
their work and life
National
2007
6. “Supporting university
R&D” program
Develop the University
centered science, enhance
the contribution of students,
scientists and professors of
the University in the social
development by strengthening
the alliance of training-
science-production
Sectoral 2007
49
Chapter FIVE. THE MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK OF THE MASTER PLAN IMPLEMENTATION
6.1. General guiding concepts in monitoring and evaluating the Master
plan
There are following guiding concepts in monitoring and evaluating the implementation
process of the Master plan:
Providing integrated information database during the implementation of
activities to accomplish the objectives of the Master plan
Outlining the responsibilities of participants (Ministries, research institutes,
universities, private enterprises, and other agencies and unions) in the
implementation of National and sectoral targeted programs
Making decisions based on evaluations of independent experts.
6.2. Stages of monitoring and evaluation, and the responsible
organizations
During the monitoring and evaluation stages, Ministry of Education, Culture and
Science with the participation of sectoral stakeholders will assume the following
responsibilities:
Setting appropriate indicators to monitor, evaluate, and assess the
implementation of the Master plan
Establishing an information database, and gathering and inputting new
information data according to the S&T statistical system
Making policy evaluations and assessments
Developing a progress report on the Master plan implementation, submitting
it to the Government, and ensuring its accessibility to the public
The implementation progress of targeted programs of the Master plan will be
monitored and evaluated in accordance with the predetermined evaluation
indicators, each of which varies in goals, objectives, activities, and timeframes.
In the last year of each implementation stage, overall evaluation and assessment
will be conducted on the achievement of objectives and activities.
In May of each year, the Ministry of Education, Culture, and Science will submit
to the Government the results of the evaluation and assessment, together with
the proposal for further actions. The report should emphasize the achievement
of Master plan’s goals, objectives, final output within the intended timeframe and
funds, and the efficiency of used funds.
Chapter SIX.
MONITORING AND EVALUATION
50
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020
Output indicators
The following are the main indicators to evaluate the implementation of the Master
plan. During the monitoring and evaluation stage, the Ministry of Education, Culture,
and Science in collaboration with other relevant organizations and stakeholders
– can select from the list of indicators listed in the Annex 3.
Table 6.1. Output indicators
Indicators 2007 2010 2015 2020
I. R&D funding and expenditure: (%, 2006 prices)
1. GERD as a percentage of GDP 0.539 0.854 1.523 2.374
2.
Government expenditure on R&D as a
percentage of GDP
0.502 0.690 0.920 0.949
3.
Non-government expenditure on R&D as
a percentage of GDP
0.038 0.164 0.603 1.424
4.
Higher education expenditure on R&D as a
percentage of GDP
0.108 0.190 0.398 0.712
5.
Percentage of GERD financed by
government
93.00 80.77 60.39 40.00
6.
Percentage of GERD financed by non-
government sources
7.00 19.23 39.61 60.00
7.
Expenditure on basic and applied
researches as a percentage of GERD
89.00 81.17 68.09 55.00
8.
Expenditure on experimental development
as a percentage of GERD
11.00 18.83 31.91 45.00
9.
Gross domestic expenditure on technology
and engineering researches, billion ¥
0.000 0.236 4.771 37.092
10.
Gross domestic expenditure on high
technology R&D, billion ¥
0.0 0.575 7.225 32.264
11.
Gross domestic expenditure on high
technology R&D financed by government,
billion ¥
0.0 0.053 1.5 9.677
12.
Total researchers per thousand total
employment
2.68 2.92 3.44 4.0
13.
Total private sector researchers per
thoussand employment
0.134 0.244 0.383 0.6
14.
Total industry researchers per thousand
total employment
4.67 5.06 5.87 6.72
15.
Total researchers with PhDs as a
percentage of total researchers
20 25.8 35.4 45
16.
Total researchers under the age of 40 as
a percentage of total researchers
24 26.5 30.8 35
17.
Total research institutes with internet
connections as a percentage of total
research institutes
80 90 100 100
18.
Percentage of research equipment
renovation (compared to 2006)
1.2 1.8 3.1 10.5
51
BIBLIOGRAPHY
I. Legal documents related to S&T of Mongolia
1. Government policy on S&T (1998)
2. S&T law (1998)
3. Law on technology transfer (1998)
4. Patent law (1993)
5. Copyright law (1993)
6. Law on Legal Status of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences (1996)
7. Government resolution number 31 (1997)
8. Government resolution number 162 (1998)
9. Government resolution number 138 (1999)
10. Rules and Regulations of National Council of S&T (1997)
11. Prime Minister Decree on approval of the composition of the National
Council (1997)
12. Rules and regulations on establishing a research institute
13. Rules and Regulations of S&T corporations
14. Rules and regulation to administer S&T projects
15. Rules and regulation on submitting research report
16. Ministry of Science, Technology, Education, Culture policy on technology
17. General rules and regulations on technology level evaluation
18. General guidelines on technology level evaluation
19. Indicators to monitor the activities of higher education organizations and
research institutes
20. Manuals to evaluate research institutes’ activities and rank them
21. Rules and regulations of National S&T Foundation
22. National S&T Foundation rules and regulation on distribution and
expenditure of funds
23. Rules and regulations on conducting basic research
24. Rules and regulations to set criteria on calculating the value of intellectual
properties
25. Rules and regulations to awarding ScD degree
26. Bylaw of the Council to award ScD
27. Rules and regulation of Mongolian Academy of Sciences
28. Bylaw of the Small Congress of the Mongolian Academy of Science
29. Rules and regulations of research institutes under the Mongolian Academy
of Sciences
BIBLIOGRAPHY
52
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020
30. National S&T development program - 2010
II. Master plans and programs of other sectors
1. Education Master plan (1993)
2. Education Master plan (draft) (2006)
3. Strategies on Education development for the period 2000-2005 (2000)
4. Medical sector Master plan (2005)
5. National program on protection of biological diversities, UB (1996)
6. Export production support program, UB (1998)
7. Minerals Program. UB (1998)
8. National food supply and security program
9. Biotechnology development sub-program (1997)
III. Previous reports on S&T sector
1. Ben-Dak, J., Zilinskas, R., Baker, S. and Kurbiel, L. (1994). Mongolia
Formulation of Technology Transfer and Adaptation Policy. Mission report
for the United Nationay Development Programme (UNDP).
2. Dr. Losh recommendations (1999)
3. Turpin, T. (2004). Toward a Master Plan for Science and Technology
in Mongolia. Report on expert mission prepared for UNESCO and the
Mongolian Ministry of Science, Technology, Education and Culture.
IV. S&T development documents of other countries and organizations
1. Budapest Declaration (1999)
2. Millennium development goals (2000)
3. S&T basic plan, Japan (1996, 2002)
4. National science and technology plan of Philippines (2002)
5. Maldives S&T Master plan (2001)
6. Assessment of the Estonian Research Development Technology and
Innovation Funding System (2002)
7. Methodology to define, review, and implement the priorities of S&T in
Russia (2006)
8. Strategy of the Russian Federation to develop science and innovation for
the period to 2010 (2005)
V. National development policy documents
1. Constitution of Mongolia, UB (1992)
2. National Security Policy. Cabinet decree No. 56. “Government news”
journal (1994) ¹9
3. National policy on foreign affairs. UB (1994)
4. National development policy. Cabinet decree No. 26 (March 3, 1996)Cabinet decree No. 26 (March 3, 1996)
5. Mongolian Sustainable Growth Program in XXI century, UB (1999)XXI century, UB (1999)
53
BIBLIOGRAPHY
6. Mongolian Regional Development policy. “Government news” journal
(2001) ¹28(215).¹28(215).
7. “Medium-term development strategies of Mongolian regions 2010,”
Book on regional regulation and planning, UB (2003) Pages 51-120.
8. “Establishing and prioritizing production and technology parks” CabinetCabinet
decree No. 54 (2003) (2003)
9. Information, communication, technology development concepts for the
period to 2010
10. Medium-term socio-economic development strategies for the period
1999-2002 (1999)
11. Government policy document on “Human security program,” UB (2001)
12. Mongolian Sustainable Growth concepts (draft), UB (2002)
13. Supporting economic growth in Mongolia, Poverty Reduction Strategy
documents, UB (2003)
14. Millennium project report of Mongolia, UB (2003)
15. National development program of Mongolia, UB (2003)
16. Government policy on rural development (draft), UB (2003)
VI. Publications on policy development
1. Mongolian statistical yearbook-2000. National statistical office of
Mongolia, UB (2001)
2. Mongolian statistical yearbook-2001. National statistical office of
Mongolia, UB (2002)
3. Mongolian statistical yearbook-2002. National statistical office of
Mongolia, UB (2003)
4. Information sheet on socio-economic situation of Mongolia. National
statistical office of Mongolia, UB (2002)
5. Information sheet on socio-economic situation of Mongolia. National
statistical office of Mongolia, UB (2003)
6. Mongolian population in XX century. National statistical office of Mongolia,
UB (2002)
7. Mongolian development strategies (theoretical and practical trends).
Series I-V. Mongolian development research center. UB (1998-1999)
8. Sustainable development: World documents. UB (2002)
9. Mongolian development trends and viewpoints of political parties.
Discussion with political parties, ¹1. UB (2002)
10. Mongolia, and foreign aids and loans. Discussion with political parties, ¹2.
UB (2002)
11. Current situation and future trends of foreign investment in Mongolia.
Discussion with political parties, ¹3. UB (2002)
12. Essence of Mongolian development in XXI century. UB (2002)
13. Research on Mongolian development, 2002 (1). Institute of National
Development, UB (2002)
14. Research on Mongolian development, 2003 (1). Institute of National
Development, UB (2003)
15. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP, 2004). Human
Development Report (2004)
54
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020
16. Regional Development and Planning for the 21st century. UK (1998)
17. World Development Indicators-2001. World Bank (2002)
18. Methodology on developing National development program of Mongolia,
UB (2003)
VII. Other
1. Business enterprises’ annual reports (2003 and 2004)
Altan Taria Co. Ltd
APU Corporation
Buyan Co. Ltd
Darhan Steel Factory
Erdenet Mining Corporation
Gobi Corporation
Golomt Bank
MCS Group
3rd Energy station
2. Ministry of Education, Culture and Science Statistical Report (1995-
2004)
3. FIFTA Statistics on FDI
4. World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Statistics, WIPO (1990-
2004)
5. “Canberra Manual.” OECD, Paris (1995)
6. A report of a UNESCO expert to assist in the development of S&T Master
plan of Mongolia. Miltos Ladikas (2005)
7. Office of Balance of payments, Bank of Mongolia. Statistics on Balance of
payments
8. The World Factbook 2005 http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/
factbook/index.html
9. Turpin, T. (2004). Toward a Master Plan for Science and Technology
in Mongolia. Report on expert mission prepared for UNESCO and the
Mongolian Ministry of Science, Technology, Education and Culture.
10. National S&T Foundation (NSTF), NSTF annual statistics report (1995-
2004)
11. European Commission, OECD, OSLO Manual: The Measurement of
Scientific and Technological Activities (1997)
12. National Science Foundation, Science and Engineering Indicators (2002)
13. OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development), OECD
Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard (2001, 2003)
14. OECD (2002), Frascatti Manual: Proposed Standard Practice For Surveys
on Research and Experimental Development
15. OECD, Patent Manual (2004): Using Patent Data as Science and
Technology Indicators
55
ANNEX 1. Funding requirements and projections for Master plan
Mongolian economy indicator projections until 2020 (medium scenario)
2006* 2007* 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
GDP (billion
current tugrik)
1930.0 2268.5 2755.9 3179.6 3751.4 4409.6 6253.9 7092.3 7977.3 9497.1 11043.6 13185.9 15527.2 17369.2 20222.1
GDP, 1995 prices
(billion tugrik)
856.8 957.1 1107.3 1217.0 1367.9 1532.0 2069.8 2235.3 2394.1 2714.9 3035.2 3484.4 3944.4 4244.1 4749.2
Resident
population
(thousand)
2609.0 2645.5 2679.9 2714.7 2750.0 2785.8 2822.0 2855.8 2890.1 2924.8 2959.9 2995.4 3031.4 3067.7 3104.5
Population
growth (%)
1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2
Exchange
currency (year
average)
1263.4 1295.5 1327.9 1361.1 1395.1 1423.0 1451.4 1480.5 1510.1 1540.3 1571.1 1602.5 1634.6 1667.3 1700.6
GPD per capita
(current U$)
585.5 661.9 774.4 860.5 977.8 1112.4 1526.9 1677.5 1827.8 2108.1 2374.8 2747.0 3133.6 3395.9 3830.3
Growth
percentage
8.0 13.0 17.0 11.1 13.6 13.8 37.3 9.9 9.0 15.3 12.7 15.7 14.1 8.4 12.8
GDP per capita
(thousand tugrik)
739.8 857.5 1028.3 1171.2 1364.1 1582.9 2216.1 2483.5 2760.2 3247.1 3731.1 4402.0 5122.1 5662.0 6513.8
Growth
percentage
11.1 15.9 19.9 13.9 16.5 16.0 40.0 12.1 11.1 17.6 14.9 18.0 16.4 10.5 15.0
Real economic
growth
7.2 11.7 15.7 9.9 12.4 12.0 35.1 8.0 7.1 13.4 11.8 14.8 13.2 7.6 11.9
ANNEX 1. Funding requirements and projections for Master plan
56
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020
S&T sector funding and expenditure projections
¹ Indicators 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
1
GERD, 2000
prices (million
tugrik)
6997.3 11036.1 17029.4 23736.0 33094.4 45082.3 73734.8 94083.4 118082.5 156005.9 199950.1 261827.7 336462.4 408846.0
2
GERD as a
percentage of
GDP
0.539 0.637 0.742 0.854 0.973 1.1 1.234 1.375 1.523 1.679 1.841 2.012 2.189 2.374
3
Government
expenditure
on R&D as a
percentage of
GDP
0.502 0.566 0.629 0.69 0.746 0.799 0.846 0.886 0.92 0.945 0.962 0.969 0.965 0.949
4
Non-
government
expenditure
on R&D as a
percentage of
GDP
0.038 0.071 0.112 0.164 0.227 0.301 0.388 0.489 0.603 0.733 0.88 1.043 1.224 1.424
5
GERD per capita
(million tugrik)
3935.6 5392.1 7530.8 9872.9 13105.3 17185.2 27014.99 33735.11 41540.2 53860.0 67892.3 87498.2 110792.0 132794.4
6
Expenditure on
basic research
as a percentage
of GERD
37.993 36.839 35.685 34.532 33.378 32.224 31.07 29.916 28.762 27.609 26.455 25.301 24.147 22.993
7
Expenditure on
applied research
as a percentage
of GERD
51.019 49.558 48.096 46.635 45.173 43.712 42.25 40.788 39.327 37.865 36.404 34.942 33.481 32.019
8
Expenditure on
experimental
development as
a percentage of
GERD
10.988 13.603 16.218 18.834 21.449 24.065 26.68 29.295 31.911 34.526 37.141 39.757 42.372 44.988
57
ANNEX 2. Targeted programs of the Master plan
1. “Identifying and implementing S&T priorities and key technologies
of Mongolia” program
Rationale
Identification of &T priorities and key technologies is one of the main factors for
Mongolian economic growth, research development of high-technology sectors,
and efficiency of government expenditure on R&D.
Setting a list of S&T priorities and key technologies and periodically review and
update that list based on mid-term objectives of socio-economic development
of Mongolia is an imperative aspect of S&T policy. The purpose of this program is to
regularly implement this activity on the scientific basis.
In order to facilitate an industry and consequently the economy growth, Australia
has been using an approach called Action Agenda with a great success. The
concept of this approach is a Strategic Industry Leaders Group (SILG) comprised of
the industry stakeholders (businessmen, policy-makers, and scientists) identifies
the priority actions that the industry itself will take to realize its full potential.
Goal
Identification and implementation of S&T priorities and key technologies with the
participation of scientists, businessmen and policy-makers
Program activities
Establish a mechanism to set priorities and identify key technologies, and
implement them
Develop the guidelines of actions of a SILG
Select priority two or three industries with highest growth potentials for which
an Action Agenda is proposed, and select the SILG for each industry
Initiate the SILG activities; there will be following requirements in setting
priorities and key technologies:
1) The priorities and key technologies will be able to achieve several
national development goals, and/or will be aimed at sustainable growth
of a particular industry
2) Be able to play a main role in reaching socio-economic and S&T
objectives
3) The priorities and key technologies will be feasible to implement and to
positively impact on the development of S&T and other sectors, and to
improve cross-sectoral communications
4) Set priorities that can propel international cooperation and attract
foreign investments
Implementing the Action Agendas
Impact
Comprehensive and feasible plan of S&T priorities and key technologies
implementation
ANNEX 2. Targeted programs of the Master plan
58
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020
Improved science-industry-government collaboration
Growth in industry production and productivity
Increase of funding sources for R&D
Establishment of a mechanism of effective and efficient use of resources
Increase in commercialization of R&D results
Program profile
1. Program title Identifying S&T priorities and key technologies of Mongolia
2. Legal rationale
Government policy on S&T, articles 2.1.5 and 3.6 (1998)
S&T law, articles 8.3.2 and 8.3.3 (1998)
3. Contractor Ministry of Education, Culture and Science
4. Challenges to address
Unclear priorities and methods to set and implement
priorities and key technologies
Unclear purpose of technologies
Inefficient use of scarce resources
Lack of common goals among industry stakeholders
5. Program goal
Identification and implementation of S&T priorities and key
technologies with the participation of scientists, businessmen
and policy-makers.
6. Timeframe and stages
of implementation
Stage I: 2007-2008
Stage II: 2009-2011
Stage III: 2012-2014
7. Program activities
Establish a mechanism to set priorities and identify key
technologies, and implement them
Develop the guidelines of actions of a SILG
Select priority two or three industries with highest growth
potentials for which an Action Agenda is proposed, and
select the SILG for each industry
Initiate the SILG activities
Implementing the Action Agendas
8. Impact
Comprehensive and feasible plan of S&T priorities and key
technologies implementation
Improved science-industry-government collaboration
Growth in industry production and productivity
Increase of funding sources for R&D
Establishment of a mechanism of effective and efficient use
of resources
Increase in commercialization of R&D results
9. The entity responsible
for implementation
Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, and other
ministries
Mongolian Academy of Sciences
Research institutes and universities
Business enterprises
59
2. National innovation system (NIS) development program
Rationale
In modern world, it is evident that the key to successful development of an economy
is to develop an innovation policy that meets the economy’s needs and unique
characteristics.
Currently, Mongolian government has no regulation on innovation policy, therefore,
national innovation system of our country has not been established to the full extent.
Therefore, immediate initiation of innovation system development is crucial for our
economy and other social sectors.
Goal
To establish the basis of national innovation system development
Activity directions
Review and evaluate current innovation system of Mongolia
Link the policy goals, strategies, and actions of the innovation system
with the National Development Goals
Develop an implementation and management plan and funding
projections of the program
Develop and implement the legal documents necessary for innovation
system development
The purpose of these documents is to coordinate innovation activities, identify the
role and responsibilities of stakeholders in innovation activities, administer the
activities and funds, and enhance the Government’s role in innovation activities,
which will address the following directions:
The goals and objectives of government policy on innovation
Guiding principles of government policy innovation
Means of government support on innovation
Types of innovation activities
Government contract to establish innovation
Innovation activity funding source
Innovation programs
The role of government organizations and agencies in the implementation
of government policy on innovation
Participants of innovation activity
International cooperation on innovation activity
Impact
Establishment of favorable legal environment and organized
infrastructure of innovation system
Development of market relations (1) in use of intellectual resources, (2)
innovation assets, (3) innovation products, (4) services supporting the
innovation;
Establishment of multiple forms and mechanisms of government funding
for innovation activities
Creation of advanced-technology-based clusters as the result of
ANNEX 2. Targeted programs of the Master plan
60
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020
enhanced research institute-industry collaboration
Program profile
1. Program title National innovation system (NIS) development program
2. Legal rationale
S&T development national program – 2010 (2000)
Assessment on S&T sector of Mongolia (2006)
3. Contractor Ministry of Education, Culture and Science
4. Challenges to be
addressed
Establish legal environment of innovation system, national
innovation law
Setting NIS indicators
Setting innovation priorities
5. Program goal To establish the basis of national innovation system development
6. Timeframe
and stages of
implementation
Stage I: 2007-2010
Stage II: 2011-2015
Stage III: 2016-2020
7. Activity
directions
Evaluate and measure current innovation system of Mongolia
Linking the policy goals, strategies, and actions of the innovation
system with the National Development Goals
Developing an implementation and management plan and
funding projections of the program
Developing and implementing the legal documents necessary for
innovation system development
8. Impact
Establishment of favorable legal environment and organized
infrastructure of innovation system
Development of market relations (1) in use of intellectual
resources, (2) innovation assets, (3) innovation products, (4)
services supporting the innovation;
Establishment of multiple forms and mechanisms of government
funding for innovation activities
Creation of advanced-technology-based clusters as the result of
enhanced research institute-industry collaboration
9. The entity
responsible for
implementation
61
3. “Enhancing S&T information, monitoring and evaluation
system” program
Rationale
Continuous evaluation of S&T capacity plays a significant role in accurately
identifying S&T policy and strategies, developing those strategies by interrelating
them with socio-economic objectives.
To evaluate sector activities and its socio-economic impact, and to disseminate
information on R&D results, it is essential to adopt a S&T information, monitoring
and evaluation system that meets criteria for international classifications and
standards.
During the assessment of the S&T sector, following issues emerged regarding the
statistics, indicators, and monitoring the policy implementation:
Lack of S&T statistics and indicators
Absence of integrated information network of government financed
research projects
Lack of accurate and essential information on S&T sector
Insufficient accessibility of information on research results to industry and
other users
Lack of surveys on public awareness on S&T role and purpose
Goal
Establishing an integrated system of S&T and innovation information, statistics,
monitoring and evaluation that can be useful for decision-makers, researchers,
and public, according to international classifications and standards
Activity directions
Collecting and integrating S&T information and statistics according to international
classifications and standards: Current S&T information and statistics, and
indicators to make prognosis of future trends will be collected and stored at the S&T
Information network according to OECD standards. This integrated information
network will be part of the National S&T statistics.
Online S&T information service will contain the information on S&T human
resource, projects and programs and facilities. These searchable databases will be
accessible to government agencies, research institutes and centers, universities,
industry and public institutions. This online service includes, but not limited to:
Human resources; Directory of S&T organizations; S&T facilities and equipment;
S&T projects and programs, and their results; Information on technology transfer
and commercialization; Database of Mongolian researchers’ publications, articles
and citations.
Collecting and integrating innovation statistics and data, and setting appropriate
indicators according to international standards: Developing indicators related to
industry innovation level, innovation product export, and innovation technology
transfer is necessary. The information system of these statistics requires
continuous update and modification.
ANNEX 2. Targeted programs of the Master plan
62
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020
Impact
Become the main source of information and statistics to support public
S&T policy development and prioritization of S&T activities
Provide effective information service based on customers requirement; link
information sources with users; popularization of S&T activities
Operate as a link between stakeholders in S&T sector; consequently
enhancing the quality and efficiency of S&T activities
Establishment of effective monitoring and evaluation system
Ability to monitor and evaluate policy, projects and programs, R&D, research
organization
Ability to project the efficient use of funds. Projecting the funds needed for
development of venture fund
Gathering information and statistics during the development of key
technologies
63
Program profile
1. Program title Enhancing S&T information, monitoring and evaluation
2. Legal rationale
• Government policy on S&T, article 3.8 and 7.5, 1998
• S&T law, article 7.1.4, 1998
• Assessment of the S&T sector of Mongolia, 2006
3. Contractor Ministry of Education, Culture and Science
4. Critical issues
Lack of S&T statistics and indicators
Absence of integrated information network of government
financed research projects
Lack of accurate and essential information on S&T sector
Insufficient accessibility of information on research results to
industry and other users
Lack of surveys on public awareness on S&T role and purpose
5. Program goal
Establishing an integrated system of S&T and innovation information,
statistics, monitoring and evaluation that can useful for decision-
makers, researchers, and public, according to international
classifications and standards.
6. Timeframe
and stages of
implementation
Stage I: 2008-2010
Stage II: 2011-2015
Stage III: 2016-2020
7. Activity
directions
Gathering and integrating S&T information and statistics
according to international classifications and standards
Online S&T information service
Improving innovation statistics
8. Impact
Become the main source of information and statistics to support
public S&T policy development and prioritization of S&T activities
Provide effective information service based on customers
requirement; link information sources with users; popularization
of S&T activities
Operate as a link between stakeholders in S&T sector;
consequently enhancing the quality and efficiency of S&T
activities
Establishment of effective monitoring and evaluation system
Ability to monitor and evaluate policy, projects and programs,
R&D, research organization
Ability to project the efficient use of funds. Projecting the funds
needed for development of venture fund
Gathering information and statistics during the development of
key technologies
9. The entity
responsible for
implementation
Ministry of Education, Culture and Science
Mongolian Academy of Sciences
National S&T Foundation
ANNEX 2. Targeted programs of the Master plan
64
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020
4. “Development of advanced technology in Mongolia” program
Rationale
Advanced technology is a modern technology (nanotechnology, biotechnology, ICT,
airspace technology, automated robotic technology, etc.) that is at the juncture of
various science fields such as physics, chemistry, molecular biology, electronics,
and others.
Advanced technology requires a large amount of initial investment. Experiences
of other countries reveal that successful development of advanced technologies
requires many factors such as cross-sectoral coordination, length of R&D process,
and sustainable commitment from government.
One of the ways to address the issue of obsolete technologies is through support to
the development of advanced technologies.
Goal
To improve the level of production and service technologies by introducing and
utilizing foreign technologies, and by adopting international technology inventions
Program activities
Establish a favorable policy and legal environment for developing advanced
technologies
Improve the R&D equipment and laboratory level of research organizations.
Consequently, integrating top research centers and institutes into Center
of Excellence, in the areas of biotechnology, nanotechnology, and ICT.
Create new national laboratories with advanced technologies
Train S&T personnel to operate in advanced technologies
Conduct research projects in the areas of nanotechnology, biotechnology,
telecommunication, and electronics
Supporting the production of advanced technologies
Impact
Establishment of National capacity to develop advanced technologies
Development of advanced production technologies in medical, agriculture,
industry sectors
65
Program profile
1. Program title Development of advanced technology in Mongolia
2. Legal rationale
Government policy on S&T (1998)
Order No. 248, 2005 of the Minister of Education, Culture and
Science
3. Contractor Minister of Education, Culture and Science
4. Challenges to be
addressed
Obsoleteness technologies
National capacity to develop advanced technologies
Low numbers of produced technologies by industry
5. Program goals and
objectives
Improving the level of production and service technologies by
introducing and utilizing foreign technologies, and by adopting
technology inventions from abroad.
Providing laboratories and equipment necessary for conducting
research on advanced technologies
Creating a capacity of research on advanced technologies
Creation of advanced technology production
6. Timeframe
and stages of
implementation
2007-2010
2011-2015
2016-2020
7. Program activities
Establishing a favorable policy and legal environment for
developing advanced technologies
Improving the R&D equipment and laboratory level of research
organizations. Consequently, integrating top research centers
and institutes into Center of Excellence, in the areas of
biotechnology, nanotechnology, and ICT.
Creation of new national laboratories with advanced
technologies
Training S&T personnel to operate in advanced technologies
Conducting research projects in the areas of nanotechnology,
biotechnology, telecommunication, and electronics
Supporting the production of advanced technologies
8. Impact and output
indicators
Establishment of National capacity to develop advanced
technologies
Formation of advanced production technologies in medical,
agriculture, industry sectors
Indicators:
20% of education program in higher education to consist of
advanced technology subjects (by 2011)
30% of government scholarships to foreign universities to be
granted on subjects related to key technologies of Mongolia
(by 2011)
10% of researchers working on advanced technologies to
consist of researcher under the age of 40 (2007-2009)
30% of researchers working on advanced technologies to
consist of researcher under the age of 40 (2007-2009)
50% of researchers working on advanced technologies to
consist of researcher under the age of 40 (2007-2009)
ANNEX 2. Targeted programs of the Master plan
66
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020
9. The program
implementing
institutions
Ministry of Education, Culture and Science
Ministry of Industry and Commerce
ICT Agency
Mongolian Academy of Sciences
Research institutes and universities
5. “Training and supporting young researchers” program
Rationale
The proportion of young researchers in the sector has been declining each year,
whereas, the proportion of elder scientists has been increasing. One of the major
factors to improve the quality, competitive level, and efficiency of R&D is the
strengthening S&T sector by young skilled researchers.
Goal
Increasing the supply of S&T workforce by intensifying the training of 500 young
skilled researchers in the near future
Main activities
Grant the necessary funding for doctorate research work to top young
scientists
Grant the necessary funding for post-doctorate research work to top young
scientists
Award grants and scholarships to support master’s and doctorate’s
research work (domestic, abroad)
Rank and assess the skill level of young and middle aged researchers
Establish a flexible and effective management in the “Supporting the training
of young researchers” program
Adopt a productive R&D system
Increase opportunities for young scientists to improve qualifications and
encourage the building of a social image
Address pay and social welfare issues of young scientists.
Expected outputs
Improved level of skills of young researchers
Increased role of young researchers in R&D sector and its priority areas
Creation of a mechanism to address the pay and related social welfare
issues of young researchers
67
Program profile
1. Program title Training and supporting young researchers
2. Legal rationale
Government policy on S&T (1998)
S&T law (2006)
3. Contractor Ministry of Education, Culture and Science
4. Critical issues to be
addressed
S&T human resources supply
Quality level of R&D
Stimulating the interest young generations in the field of
science
5. Program goal
Increasing the supply of S&T workforce by intensifying the
training of 500 young skilled researchers in the near future
6. Timeframe and stages
of implementation
Stage I: 2007-2010
Stage II: 2011-2015
Stage III: 2016-2020
7. Main activities
Granting the necessary funding for doctorate research
work to top young scientists
Granting the necessary funding for post-doctorate
research work to top young scientists
Awarding grants to support master’s and doctorate’s
research work (domestic, abroad)
Ranking the skill level of young and middle aged
researchers
Establish a flexible and effective management in the
“Supporting the training of young researchers” program
Adopting a productive R&D system
Providing opportunities for young scientists to improve
their levels of skills and occupation
Dealing with incomes, benefits, and other social issues of
young researchers
8. Expected outputs and
indicators
Improved level of skills of young researchers
Increased role of young researchers in R&D sector and its
priority areas
Creation of a mechanism to address the pay and related
social welfare issues of young researchers
Indicators:
Increase in proportion of researchers of ages 35-40
Increase in salary of young researchers
Increased number of R&D projects
Increased number of young researchers trained abroad
9. The entity responsible
for implementation
Ministry of Education, Culture and Science
Mongolian Academy of Sciences
Universities and other research organizations
ANNEX 2. Targeted programs of the Master plan
68
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020
6. “Supporting university R&D” program
Rationale
As the science and technological advancements approaches its peak in XXI century,
the role of higher education in society has been becoming increasingly important.
This trend which emerged independent from government policy regulations or
support has now become the role model of global development evolution.
This program focuses on enhancing the role higher education sector in R&D sector
development based on analyzes of developed countries’ actions with respect to
facilitating universities toward S&T and education sector development.
Using global trends as a model, enhancing the role of universities in the National
S&T policy in the areas of education, knowledge creation and production is essential
for social welfare.
Goal
The goals of this program are: enhancing the R&D development of higher education
sector and strengthening academia-science-industry collaboration.
Program activities
A) “Ensuring higher education legal environment” subprogram development and
implementation (2007-2008)
Developing the guiding principles of higher education legal environment
Developing and implementing legal documents of higher education sector
B) “Strengthening laboratories and facilities supply” program (2007-2012)
Setting R&D priorities of each universities and identifying the necessary
technology or equipment to facilitate the implementation of these priorities
Establishing a large-scale shared laboratory with necessary equipment
Providing top researchers or research teams who are conducting advanced
R&D’s with necessary equipments
Developing a long-term plan toward a sustainable supply of laboratories and
facilities, ensuring its funding from annual government budget necessary
for its implementation
C) Improving the quality of education of master’s and doctorate’s programs
(2007-2015)
Establishing a mechanism to coordinate graduate programs with basic and
applied researches (program to provide graduate scholarship)
Providing stimuli to support continuous heritage of scholar school (program
to fund post-doctoral R&D and provide top young scientists with advanced
equipments).
D) Initiating innovation activities in higher education sector (2007-2015)
Encouraging active participation of researchers and university professors
in the establishment of the industry park and the growth of gross domestic
production
Attracting non-government sources of funding the higher education sector
R&D
69
Identify and utilize a mechanism to support S&T and innovation activities in
higher education system
Assessing S&T and innovation output in the higher education sector
Outputs
Major outputs by successfully implementing this program include: Improved supply
of laboratories and facilities, increased competitive level of national researchers,
and improved quality of products and services.
Program profile
1. Program title “Supporting university R&D” program (2007-2015)
2. Legal rationale
- Government policy on S&T (1998)
- Education law (2002)
3. Contractor Ministry of Education, Culture and Science
4. Challenges to be
addressed
- Establishing a favorable legal environment for freedom of
scholarship
- Enhancing the role of universities in the S&T and higher
education sector
- Ensuring scholars’ institutional memory and heritage by
strengthening university-research institute collaboration and
coordination
- Strengthening science-industry collaboration
5. Program goals and
objectives
Enhancing the R&D development of higher education sector and
strengthening academia-science-industry collaboration
6. Timeframe
and stages of
implementation
- Strengthening laboratories and facilities supply, 2007-2012
- Improving the competitive level of University R&D, integration
of education and research, 2010-2015
7. Program activities
- Ensuring higher education legal environment subprogram
development and implementation
- Strengthening laboratories and facilities supply program
- Improving the quality of education of master’s and doctorate’s
programs
- Initiating innovation activities in higher education sector
8. Outputs
- Improved supply of laboratories and facilities
- Increased competitive level of national researchers
- Improved quality of products and services.
9. The entity
responsible for
implementation
- Ministry of Education, Culture and Science; Ministry of Finance
- National S&T Foundation
- National University of Mongolia, Mongolian University of S&T,
University of Agriculture, University of Medical Science
ANNEX 2. Targeted programs of the Master plan
70
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020
ANNEX 3. S&T and innovation indicators
¹
Indicators
I. R&D funding and expenditure
1. Government expenditure on R&D (GERD)
2. Non-government expenditure on R&D
3. Higher education expenditure on R&D
4. Business enterprise expenditure on R&D
5. GERD, 2000 prices
6. GERD as a percentage of GDP
7. Government expenditure on R&D as a percentage of GDP
8. Non-government expenditure on R&D as a percentage of GDP
9. Higher education expenditure on R&D as a percentage of GDP
10. Business enterprise expenditure on R&D as a percentage of GDP
11. Percentage of GERD financed by government
12. Percentage of GERD financed by non-government sources
13. Percentage of GERD financed by industry
14. GERD per capita
15. Expenditure on basic research as a percentage of GERD
16. Expenditure on applied research as a percentage of GERD
17. Expenditure on experimental development as a percentage of GERD
18. Expenditure on basic research as percentage of Government expenditure on R&D
19. Expenditure on applied research as percentage of Government expenditure on R&D
20.
Expenditure on experimental development as percentage of Government expenditure
on R&D
21.
Expenditure on basic research as a percentage of non-government expenditure on
R&D
22.
Expenditure on applied research as a percentage of non-government expenditure on
R&D
23.
Expenditure on experimental development as percentage of non-government
expenditure on R&D
71
24.
Expenditure on basic research as a percentage of higher education expenditure on
R&D
25.
Expenditure on applied research as a percentage of higher education expenditure on
R&D
26.
Expenditure on experimental development as percentage of higher education
expenditure on R&D
27.
Expenditure on basic research as a percentage of business enterprise expenditure on
R&D
28.
Expenditure on applied research as a percentage of business enterprise expenditure
on R&D
29.
Expenditure on experimental development as percentage of business enterprise
expenditure on R&D
30. Gross domestic expenditure on high-technology R&D (GEHTRD)
31. GEHTRD as a percentage of GERD
32. Percentage of GEHTRD finance by government
33. Percentage of GEHTRD finance by non-government sources
34. Percentage of GEHTRD finance by industry
II. Human resources
35. Total S&T personnel
36. Total researchers
37. Total researchers in public research institutes
38. Total researchers in higher education organizations
39. Total R&D personnel in business enterprises
40. Total researchers in public research institutes as percentage of total researchers
41.
Total researchers in higher education organizations as a percentage of total
researchers
42. Total R&D personnel in business enterprises as a percentage of total researchers
43. Total researchers in public research institutes per thousand total employment
44. Total researchers in higher education organizations per thousand total employment
45. Total R&D personnel in business enterprises per thousand total employment
46. Total researchers with PhD’s
47. Total researchers with PhD’s as a percentage of total researchers
ANNEX 3. S&T and innovation indicators
72
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020
48. Total researchers with PhD’s as a percentage of total PhD’s
49. Total researchers with high-technology training and education
50.
Total researchers who underwent through additional training as a percentage of total
researchers
51. Total researchers under the age of 40
52.
Total researchers under the age of 40 as a percentage of total researchers
III. International collaboration
53.
Number of collaboration contracts and agreements in S&T sector with foreign and
international countries and organizations
54. GERD financed by abroad (thousand U$)
55. GERD financed by abroad as a percentage of total GERD
56. Total research projects implemented through foreign collaboration
57. Total foreign joint projects as a percentage of total domestic projects
58. Total S&T joint seminars and workshops conducted
59. Total presentations at international S&T seminars
60.
Total research and experimental laboratories established through international
collaboration
61. Total Mongolian researchers trained in foreign countries
62.
Total researchers who received education degrees through international
collaboration
63. Total international joint exhibitions
64. Total outputs through joint research projects
65. Total patents registered through joint research project results
66. Total patents as a percentage of total joint research project results
IV. Research laboratories and equipment supply
67. Total research laboratories
68. Total laboratories with accreditation
69. Total experimental laboratories and centers
70.
Total research institutes with internet connections as a percentage of total research
institutes
71. Percentage of research equipment renovation (compared to 2006)
73
V. S&T activity output
72. Total publications
73. Total publications abroad
74. Total publications abroad as a percentage of total publications
75. Total subjects published
76. Total subjects published as a percentage of total publications
77. Total subjects published abroad
78. Total subjects published abroad as a percentage of total subjects published
79. Total research articles
80. Total articles published in journals with high impact factor
81. Total articles as a percentage of total publications
82. Total articles published abroad as a percentage of total articles
83. Total S&T presentations in domestic and international seminars
84. Total S&T presentations as a percentage of total publications
85. Total S&T presentations at international seminars and meetings
86.
Total S&T presentations at international seminars and meetings as a percentage of
total S&T presentations
87. Number of total applications for patents (per 10,000 population)
88. Number of total patents
89. Number of patents in the ICT sector as a percentage of total patents
90. Number of patents in the biotechnology sector as a percentage of total patents
91. Number of patents in the nano-technology sector as a percentage of total patents
92. Number of triadic patents
93. Number of high technologies developed
94. Developed high technologies as a percentage of total developed technologies
95. Number of license agreements
96. Intellectual property utilization index
ANNEX 3. S&T and innovation indicators
74
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020
ADDITIONAL ANNEXES. Other findings and documents used for the
development of S&T Master Plan in 2007-2020
ANNEX A. Proposed Activity plan in 2007-2010 ii
ANNEX B. Restructuring legal environment for
innovation activities vi
ANNEX C. Models of National Innovation System (NIS)
development and distinctive features of
innovation policy implementation of other countries vii
ANNEX D. Comparative review of S&T development documents
and strategies of other countries x
75
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ANNEX A. ACTIVITY PLAN IN 2007-2010.
This section includes activities for the I stage (2007-2010) of the Master plan.
Projected activities (Table 7.1.) include activities to achieve the goals and objectives,
legal documents and its objectives, and the organizations to responsible for
implementations. This chapter also contains the targeted programs (Table 7.2.)
which consist of program components and outputs.
Table 7.1. Projected activities of the Master plan in stage I
(2007-2010)
¹ Activities
Type of
document
Docu-
ment
develop-
ment
time-
frame
Implemen-
tation
period
Responsible
parties
I. Creating a competitive R&D sector, establish an environment for further
development.
1.
Establish a monitoring
system, that is
independent from a
Ministry mandate,
for public research
institutes’ activities
Review and assess
organizational
structure
Submit to the
Government an action
plan to reform and
modify the structure
Government
decree
2008 2008-2010
MECS, other
ministries,
MAS, public
research
organizations
2.
Coordinate and manage
government-financed
basic researches,
develop a monitoring
mechanism
Government
decree
2008 2008-2009
MECS, MAS,
public research
organizations
3.
Develop rules and
regulations on legal
environment of
National research
centers and
laboratories
Develop and
implement a
policy document
to establish a
structure with
S&T, innovation,
human resource
capacities
Government
decree
2009 2009-2010 MECS, MAS
4.
Develop a program on
strengthening research
laboratories
Government
decree
2008 2008-2011
MECS, MAS,
public research
organizations
ADDITIONAL ANNEXES
ii
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020
5.
Develop a policy
document on linking
and coordinating “S&T-
academia”
Order by the
Minister of
Education,
Culture and
Science
2007 2008-2010 MECS
6.
Renew the list of
research organizations,
undertake the asset
inventory
Updated list
of research
organizations
2007 from 2008
MECS, State
Property
Committee
7. Update the R&D
priorities
Government
decree
Every
two
years
2007-2010
MECS, MAS,
public research
organizations
8.
Develop a proposal
on advancing the
statistical system of
research organizations,
regardless of the
organization’s entity
Government
decree
2008 2008-2010
MECS, National
Statistical
Office of
Mongolia,
research
organizations
II. Adopting an effective national innovation system
9.
Implementing
innovation activities,
amend the legal
documents supporting
innovation activities,
and coordinate the
activities
Legal
document
drafts
2008 2008-2010
MECS, MoIC,
other ministries
MAS, research
organizations
10.
Implementing
activities to establish
national innovation
infrastructure
Rules and
regulations
2009 2009-2010
MECS, MoIC,
MoF, other
11.
Develop a program to
develop an innovation
infrastructure in the
S&T sector
Program
draft
2009-
2010
2009-2010
MECS, MAS,
research
organizations
12.
Organize an exhibition
of innovation products
and technologies,
develop a proposal
to enhance the
Government support on
innovation activities
Draft
Government
decree
Every
two
years
2008-2010
MECS, MoIC,
MoF, other
13.
Develop the system
to train specialists in
innovation activities
Draft order by
the Minister
of Education,
Culture and
Science
2008 2009-2010 MECS
III. Establishing a legal environment and a system to utilize and protect R&D
results
14.
Develop a draft law
on the protection of
government financed
R&D results
Draft Law 2009 2009-2010
MECS,
Intellectual
Property
Organization of
Mongolia
iii
BIBLIOGRAPHY
15.
Develop a program
on establishing S&T
information network
Program
draft
2007-
2008
2007-2010
MECS,
Intellectual
Property
Organization
of Mongolia,
National S&T
Foundation
16.
Training personnel to
specialize in intellectual
property activities
(innovation manager;
patent researcher,
lawyer, judge, and
evaluator)
Program
draft
2008 2008-2010
MECS,
Intellectual
Property
Organization
of Mongolia,
National S&T
Foundation
IV. Reform the economy based on technological innovation
17.
Develop a proposal on
S&T and innovation
development with
the participation of
science and business
representatives
Report
submission
to the
Government
2007 2008-2010
MECS, MoIC,
MoF, other
18.
Develop a proposal on
tax reduction of imports
and exports of high-
technology products
Report
submission
to the
Government
2008 2009-2010
MECS, MoIC,
MoF, other
19.
Develop a plan
on certification of
innovation products
in consistent with
international standards
Draft plan 2009 2009-2010
MoIC, MoF,
National Center
of Standardi-
zation and
Metrology
20. Develop a strategic plan
on technologies
Strategic
targeted
programs
drafts
2008-
2009
2007-2010
MECS, MoIC,
MoF, other
21.
Develop a
methodology to
measure innovation
activities and to
set indicators to
evaluate those
activities
Establish a
monitoring and
evaluation system
on economic
impact of
innovation activities
Proposal
to the
Government
2008-
2009
2007-2010
MECS, MoF,
MAS, other
22.
Develop a proposal on
improving innovation
statistics and
indicators
Report
submission
to the
Government
2008 2008-2010
MECS, MoF,
National
Statistical
Office of
Mongolia, MAS,
other
ADDITIONAL ANNEXES
iv
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020
23.
Monitor and focus
on the objectives and
performance indicators
of the II stage (2011-
2015) of the Master
plan actions
Make
changes and
revisions in
the action
plan
2009-
2010
from 2011
MECS, MoF,
MAS, other
24.
Develop an action and
activity plan for the
period 2011-2015
Action plan
draft
2010 from 2011
MECS, MoF,
MAS, other
V. Enhance the S&T international cooperation
25.
Develop a proposal on
increasing the official
aid assistance and
investment – from
foreign countries
and international
organizations – on the
development of S&T
priorities of Mongolia
Government
decree draft
2007 2008-2010 MECS, MoF
26.
Identify the main areas
of international S&T
collaboration
The areas of S&T
collaboration with
foreign countries
and regions
Conduct a
research on
researchers who
are studying and/
or working abroad,
and input this
information in a
database network
Improve the
laboratory capacity
Train young
researchers
Order by the
Minister of
Education,
Culture and
Science
2007
-2008
2008-2010
MECS, MoIC,
MAS, research
organizations
27.
Develop a proposal on
providing financial and
taxation stimuli for the
adoption of advanced
technologies in the form
of foreign investment;
establishing a joint
factory; purchasing of
license, know-how, and
equipment
Law drafts
2008
-2009
2009-2010
MECS, MoIC,
MoF,
Mongolian
Tax
Administration
v
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ANNEX B. Restructuring legal environment for innovation activities
1
In the I stage of the implementation of Master plan, it is planned to amend the S&T
law, Law on technology transfer and General law of taxation, and consequently,
initiate Innovation law aimed to promote innovation activities and restructuring a
legal environment for innovation activities. The amendments are as follows:
1. S&T law:
Include the concept of “national innovation system,” “innovation,”
“innovation activities,” “innovation infrastructure”
Government financed S&T results to be owned by the implemented
organization unless it does not contradict to other laws, agreements, and
contracts
Include the concept of small and medium innovation enterprises; define the
Government’s role in supporting them
Legal status of the national research center laboratory.
2. Law on technology transfer
To allow the transfer of government financed intellectual property rights
to a third party, with the permissions from the implementing entity and
sponsor
3. General law of taxation
To allow the value added and other tax exemptions of organizations that
procure new technologies and equipments aimed to promote innovation
activities
4. Law supporting innovation activities
Objectives of the Law
Key concepts (government policy on innovation, innovation activity, innovation,
program to support innovation, innovation project, innovation infrastructure,
innovation organization, technology incubator, innovation foundation)
Objectives and core issues of government policy on innovation
Principles of government policy on innovation
The approaches of government support on innovation
Parties in the innovation activities
The role of government agencies and organizations in the implementation
of government policy on innovation
Innovation programs
Funding innovation activities
Government contract to produce innovation products and services
International collaboration on innovation activities
1 Strategy of the Russian Federation to develop science and innovation for the period to
2010 (2005)
ADDITIONAL ANNEXES
vi
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020
ANNEX C. Models of National Innovation System (NIS) development and
distinctive features of innovation policy implementation of other countries
I. Conceptual approaches to NIS development
Theoretical frameworks and models of NIS development can be classified as
follows:
1. Market – evolutionary
This scenario assumes a “natural” establishment of NIS.
Under this scenario government policy follows two tasks:
1) Continuous government support on training science workforce and
support on basic and applied researches as the producer of “public
well-being” and environment which is necessary for establishing a
NIS market environment.
2) Reducing the obstacles en route for innovation and establishing
stimuli of private sector demand on innovation activities. This
includes improving the legal environment of innovation, and
increasing technology and innovation investments through taxation
incentives.
The aspect of this approach is that government refuses to establish an institutional
structure of a new NIS. Under this strategy, the Government policy should be
directed toward improved effectiveness of government budget expenditures.
The most likely turns of events under this scenario are: preservation of “compressed”
education and basic science system; development of “corporate science” segment
which concentrates on a limited numbers of large transnational corporations;
establishment of a network of small enterprises.
Main risks: sectors of NIS will remain uncoordinated (lack of interactions between
government and non-government sectors of education and basic research due to
absence of applied researches), increased dependence on of economy on foreign
technologies; obsolete of technologies, increase in drift of skilled workforce to other
countries.
2. Market – radical
This scenario suggests a more accelerated approach of the first scenario. Its
essence is that the Government is responsible for funding the R&D’s that are
essential for the Government functions. Here the system of government-financed
R&D is radically changed, and funding is distributed based on project tender
competitions. At the same time, the remaining financial resources are utilized
to support industrial R&D and innovation activities which should stimulate the
demands of private sectors in innovation activities.
This method is likely to cause: rapid decrease in the Government-financed research
areas, orientation of funding sources from different sectors sector and abroad;
accelerated increase in R&D expenditure of private sectors; increase in number of
divisions that are in charge of R&D.
vii
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Main risks: possible extinction of government-financed basic researches, decline
in S&T personnel, slow development of innovation firms that generate valuable
innovation products and technologies.
3. Institutional structural
This approach is based on an assumption that the current elements of NIS are
effective, only, there is a lack of a mechanism that links them. Therefore, the
rationale of this scenario is to establish and develop the missing elements.
The most likely turns of events under this scenario: broader innovation infrastructure;
development of new fragmented elements of NIS; increased dependence of NIS on
government support; distribution of government budget in many areas.
Main risks: Adopting innovation institutions of foreign countries will not lead
to successful establishment of highly competitive NIS; possible errors when
identifying and developing the framework of elements of NIS; producing new forms
of various elements could have a negative impact on improving the quality of already
established elements of NIS.
4. Innovation - active
This scenario is based a concept that offer creates demand, and industry’s low
demand on innovation is caused by the lack offers on of innovation product. In this
case, it is essential to increase expenditures on commercialization of advanced
technologies.
Main risks: Absence of demand on advanced commercial technologies due to
out-of-date technologies in industrial sectors, advanced technologies are less
adaptable; introducing new technologies could lead to decelerate the development
of higher technologies.
5. “Knowledge – active”
Although it is similar to the previous approach, this scenario has more emphasis
on the beginning cycle of innovation and innovation education. The basis of this
approach – intensive investment in human capital in order to create an “innovation
human,” who will lean towards innovation and new knowledge, regardless of where
he is working industry, science, government, etc.. This should solve the issue of
demand-offer link, and creates the need to establish various innovation institutes.
Main risks: The process of training innovation specialists takes time; even more
time could be required to train personnel to the extend where they are able to
effectively govern an organization. This scenario is more effective in the long run.
ADDITIONAL ANNEXES
viii
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020
II. Characteristics of innovation policy in other countries
Innovation policy of a country, as rule, does not comply to a particular theoretical
model. Usually, it consists of set of activities in different directions which depend on
the country’s distinctive features.
The following are the directions of innovation policy in other countries:
Innovation policy
directions
Specifics Countries
Optimizing the
structure of NIS
Optimizing administration and
planning of NIS
Japan, Norway, India, Chile
Optimizing government funding
in the science and innovation
sectors
USA, France, UK, Denmark,
Norway, Sweden, Taiwan,
Australia
Developing basic research UK, Sweden, Slovakia
Stimulating local
industry-science
innovation collaboration
Stimulating symmetrical contact
between universities and
business enterprises
USA, Finland
Large government investments
in science and innovation
sectors and attracting capital
from private sectors
Israel, Finland
Stimulating innovation activities
in private sectors by attracting
foreign capital in the innovation
sector
UK, Ireland, China, S. Korea,
Malaysia, India, Israel
Stimulating innovation initiatives
of science sector
Germany, Japan, New
Zealand, Denmark
Integration into
international network of
innovation
Complex integration Finland, Israel, Holland, China
Technological specialization
S. Korea, Malaysia, Singapore,
Taiwan, India
Developing local
innovation network
Establishing favorable conditions
for developing a link in the
innovation sector
USA, Norway, Ireland
Stimulating initiatives of national
regions
France, Germany, Finland
Establishing NIS
Restructuring government
sector of science
Bulgaria, Poland, Lithuania
Initiate integration of science
and education
Lithuania, Estonia, Czech
Republic
Attracting SMEs in innovation
activities
Romania, Czech Republic
Setting priority export areas in
technology sector
Czech Republic, Romania,
Chile, Turkey
ix
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ANNEX D. Comparative review of S&T development documents and
strategies of other countries
1. Japan
Title: “Science and Technology Basic Plan 2004”
Comments: The first S&T basic plan of Japan (1996-2000) was successfully
implemented where governmental expenditure on R&D was estimated as around
17 trillion yen for the five-year period. In December of 2000, S&T council of Japan
has recommended to prepare and implement second basic plan. Consequently, in
January of 2001, Prime Minister of Japan has ordered the implementation of this
plan.
Implementation period: 2001-2005
Document contents: S&T policy document of Japan comprises of three major
parts.
1. Basic Concepts
2. Basic Policies
3. Missions of the Council for Science and Technology Policy
Vision: A nation contributing to the world by creation and utilization of
scientific knowledge
A nation with international competitiveness and ability of
sustainable development
A nation securing safety and quality of life
Guiding strategy: Promotion of Basic Researches
Prioritization of R&D on national/social subjects
Activity framework: Basic plan focuses on 8 S&T areas; each area contains 5-
year objectives and activities
Life science
Information and telecommunications
The environmental sciences
Nanotechnology and materials science/technology
Energy
Manufacturing technology
Infrastructure
Frontier — outer space and the oceans
Funding: the total amount of the Governmental R&D expenditure is estimated
about 24 trillion yen in the fiscal year 2001-2005, or approximately 220 billion
US$. This is equivalent to 21% of total R&D expenditure. Japan’s R&D expenditure
equaled to 3.35% of their GDP.
The implementing organization: S&T Council
Implementation management: Prime Minister is the head of the S&T Council.
The council is responsible for evaluation of S&T policies of each ministry and for
developing basic policies and implementing measures. The council, also, requests
submission of implementation plans and continuously examines how to implement
R&D activities in Japan.
ADDITIONAL ANNEXES
x
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020
2. Estonia
Title: Assessment of the Estonian Research Development Technology and
Innovation Funding System
Comments: Nearly all of funding for S&T activities of Estonia derive from
government budget. The document emphasized that S&T funding system is the
main critical issue of the sector. Thus, R&D and innovation funding assessment has
been conducted by University of Manchester.
Implementation period: 2002-2006
Document contents:
Methodology
The Estonian Research Development Technology and Innovation Funding
system
Problems and options for change
Scenarios
Vision: Estonia is knowledge-based society, the success and prosperity of which
crucially depend on research, innovation and knowledge related skills
Guiding strategy:
increase in the state financing;
increased participation of private and oversees capital;
ensuring the effectiveness, transparency and social and economic benefits
of public funding for research.
Activity framework: within the framework of R&D, technology, and innovation
funding system.
The implementing organization: Research and Innovation Funding Council,
Ministry of Education and Research, Ministry of Economy and Communication.
Implementation management: R&D Council of Estonian government is
responsible for providing strategic recommendations, implementing government
R&D objectives, and advising on budget planning and its distribution. Ministry
of Education and Research, and Ministry of Economy and Communication are
responsible for the implementation of this document.
xi
BIBLIOGRAPHY
3. Maldives
Title: Republic of Maldives Science and Technology Master Plan
Although Republic of Maldives have a population of only 400,000, the Ministry
of Communication and S&T has developed S&T Master plan with 600,000 US$
assistance from ADB.
Implementation period: 2001-2010
Document contents: The S&T Master Plan contains three main parts.
Goals methodology and participants
Analyses of S&T capacity and needs
Programme alternatives
Activity framework: This plan focuses on the development of the following
economic and social sectors with support of S&T sector.
Information technology
Telecommunications
Fisheries
Education
Health
Tourism
Transport
Energy
Funding: The document contains 23 programs with different timeframe, funding
amount, and implementing organizations. Some programs do not require additional
funding, only regulatory changes. Additional funding to execute all the programs
totaled approximately US$4.5 million.
Implementing organization: Ministry of Communication, Science and Technology,
other ministries, universities, and research institutes and centers.
Implementation management: Maldives S&T Master plan was developed with
consideration of sector stakeholders’ (research organizations, NGO’s, and industry)
suggestions. Consequently, the stakeholders have their stake the implementation
of the programs.
4. Russian Federation
Title: Strategy of the Russian federation to develop science and
innovation for the period to 2010
Comments: Compared to policy documents of other countries, this was the most
comprehensive plan. The plan contained specific objectives with detailed action plans
and programs each of which contained certain output results and indicators.
Implementation period: 2005-2010
ADDITIONAL ANNEXES
xii
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020
Document contents:
Current situation and issues
A mechanism to resolve current issues
Distribution of tasks to implement strategies
Critical issues
Strategy implementation period and stages
Science and innovation sector development funding
Implementation progress monitoring
Vision: Russian R&D will have a capacity to meet the demands of national security,
and will be a globally competitive nation
Implementation strategy: The strategic document of Russia has two proposed
action scenarios: 1) Inertia scenario 2) Active scenario
Inertia scenario’s strategy consists of 1) Supporting R&D that facilitates
development of technologies of economic importance, and 2) enhancing import
technologies. Strategies of active scenario include improving competitive level
of critical sectors of R&D, establishing an effective innovation system, modifying
technologies of economic sectors by supporting the development of national
technology priorities.
Activity framework:
R&D capacity, National innovation system, Intellectual property rights utilization,
and Technology innovation
Funding: The plan proposes two scenarios of funding
1
st
scenario (minimum level)
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
55,3 64,0 77,7 92,4 112,9 137,2 160,8
2nd scenario (feasible scenario)
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
55,3 64,0 88,2 116,5 146,5 179,7 194,6
Implementing organization: Ministry of Education and Science, other ministries
Implementation management: Ministry of Education and Science will be the
coordinating and monitoring organization of activities.
xiii
BIBLIOGRAPHY
5. Philippines
Title: The National Science and Technology Plan for 2002-2020
Implementation period: 2002-2020
Document contents: The document is comprised of seven parts
Planning environment
Assessment of past S&T plans
Visions for Philippine S&T
Goals for Philippine S&T
Strategies for S&T
Long-term area thrusts
Programs for 2002-2004
Vision: The following S&T states are envisioned for the Philippines at the end of
each plan period
By 2004, S&T shall have contributed significantly to the enhancement of
national productivity and competitiveness, and to the solution of pressing
national problems.
By 2010, the Philippines shall have carved some niches and become a
world-class knowledge provider and user in selected S&T areas; it shall
also have developed a vibrant Filipino S&T culture.
By 2020, the Philippines shall have developed a wide range of globally
competitive products and services which have high technology content.
Guiding concepts: Addressing pressing national problems; Development of
human resources; Provision of support to industry particularly SMEs; Accelerating
technology transfer and utilization; Building/upgrading of S&T infrastructure;
Strengthening of government-industry-academe-civil society in international
linkages; improvement of S&T governance; Promotion/popularization of S&T.
S&T areas: Agriculture, forestry and natural resources; Health/medical sciences;
Biotechnology; Information and communications technology; Microelectronics;
Materials science and engineering; Earth and marine sciences; Fisheries and
aquaculture; Environment; Natural disaster mitigation; Energy; Manufacturing and
process engineering.
Funding:
2000-01 2004 2010 2020
% of private sector R&D
expenditures to total national R&D
expenditures
22% 25% 30% 40%
% of total R&D expenditures to GDP 0.15% 0.30% 1.00% 2.00%
Implementing organization: S&T Coordinating Council
Implementation management: The S&T Coordination Council consists of
government and industry representatives. The council is responsible for coordinating
and implementation of the plan, and annually reports to the president the progress
of implementation and the final results.
ADDITIONAL ANNEXES
xiv
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020
Japan Estonia Maldives Russian Federation Philippines
Vision
A nation contributing
to the world by
creation and utilization
of scientific knowledge
A nation with
international
competitiveness and
ability of sustainable
development
A nation securing
safety and quality of
life
Estonia is
knowledge-based
society, the success
and prosperity
of which crucially
depend on research,
innovation and
knowledge related
skills
n/a
Russian R&D will have
a capacity to meet the
demands of national
security, and will be
a globally competitive
nation
By 2004, S&T shall have
contributed significantly
to the enhancement of
national productivity and
competitiveness, and to the
solution of pressing national
problems.
By 2010, the Philippines shall
have carved some niches
and become a world-class
knowledge provider and user
in selected S&T areas; it shall
also have developed a vibrant
Filipino S&T culture.
By 2020, the Philippines
shall have developed a wide
range of globally competitive
products and services which
have high technology content.
Goals
strategic priority
setting in S&T
S&T system reform
to create excellent
achievement
internationalization of
S&T activities
to update the
knowledge pool
to increase the
competitiveness of
enterprises
n/a
Increase R&D expenditure:
up to 2% of GDP
Strengthening the prestige
of science in Russia
Enhancing patent
activities, improving R&D
results
Sustainable growth
in numbers of small
innovation enterprises
Enhancing innovation
activities in the economy
Increase the numbers of
innovation products
World-class universities in
S&T
A well developed S&T-based
SME sector
Internationally recognized
Filipino scientists and
engineers
The Philippines as a model
in S&T management and
governance
Implementation
period
2001-2005 2002-2006 2001-2010 2005-2010 2002-2010
xv
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Implementing
organization
Council for Science and
Technology Policy
Research and
Innovation Funding
Council, Ministry
of Education and
Research, Ministry
of Economy and
Communication
Ministry of
Communication,
Science and
Technology, other
Ministries, universities,
and research
organizations
Ministry of Education and
Science, other ministries
S&T Coordinating Council
Document
contents
1. Basic Concepts
2. Basic Policies
3. Missions of the
Council for Science
and Technology Policy
1. Methodology
2. The Estonian
Research
Development
Technology
and Innovation
Funding system
3. Problems and
options for change
4. Scenarios
1. Goals methodology
and participants
2. Analyses of S&T
capacity and needs
3. Programme
alternatives
1. Current situation and
issues
2. A mechanism to resolve
current issues
3. Distribution of tasks to
implement strategies
4. Critical issues
5. Strategy implementation
period and stages
6. Science and innovation
sector development
funding
7. Implementation progress
monitoring
1. Planning environment
2. Assessment of past S&T
plans
3. Visions for Philippine S&T
4. Goals for Philippine S&T
5. Strategies for S&T
6. Long-term area thrusts
7. Programs for 2002-2004
R&D
expenditure as
a percentage of
GDP
3.35% 0.7% n/a 1.28% 0.15%
ADDITIONAL ANNEXES
xvi
90
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020
Framework
Life science
Information and
telecommunications
The environmental
sciences
Nanotechnology and
materials science/
technology
Energy
Manufacturing
technology
Infrastructure
Frontier — outer
space and the oceans
Research
Development
Technology and
Innovation Funding
System
Information
technology
Telecommuni-
cations
Fisheries
Education
Health
Tourism
Transport
Energy
R&D capacity
National innovation
system
Intellectual property
rights utilization
Technology innovation
Agriculture, forestry and
natural resources
Health/medical sciences
Biotechnology
Information and
communications technology
Microelectronics
Materials science and
engineering
Earth and marine sciences
Fisheries and aquaculture
Environment
Natural disaster mitigation
Energy
Manufacturing and process
engineering
Priority areas
Life science
Information and
telecommunications
The environmental
sciences
Nanotechnology and
materials
IT
Biomedicine
materials
technologies
Information
technology
Telecommunications
Fisheries
Education
Health
Tourism
Transport
Energy
Information and
telecommunications
technology and
electronics
New materials and
chemical technology
New transportation
technology
Technologies of living
systems
Ecology
Energy technology
Agriculture, forestry and
natural resources
Health/medical sciences
Biotechnology
Information and
communications technology
Microelectronics
Materials science and
engineering
Earth and marine sciences
Fisheries and aquaculture
Environment
Natural disaster mitigation
Energy
Manufacturing and process
engineering
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