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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION CULTURE AND SCIENCE

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

MASTER PLAN

OF MONGOLIA

2007-2020

Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia 2007

SC/PSD/2007/RP

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CONTENTS

Foreword (Enkhbold Miyegombo, Prime Minister of Mongolia) 5

Foreword (Koichiro Matsuura, Director-General of UNESCO) 6

Acknowledgement (Enkhtuvshin Ulziisaikhan, Minister of Education, Culture and Science

of Mongolia) 7

Resolution of the Government of Mongolia 8

Abbreviations 9

Glossary 10

CHAPTER ONE. BACKGROUND OF THE MASTER PLAN 13

1.1. The rationale of developing Science and Technology Master Plan 13

1.2. Concepts followed during the Master Plan development, innovation trends 31

1.3. The methodology and road map used in the development of the Master plan 14

1.4. Master plan framework and timeframe 15

1.5. Content structure of the Master plan 15

CHAPTER TWO. CURRENT SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND

S & T SITUATION OF MONGOLIA 17

2.1. Socio-economic development and S&T capacity 17

2.2. Current S&T situation 17

2.3. Current issues of the S&T sector 20

2.4. The rationale for the system reforms 21

CHAPTER THREE. POLICY OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES TO DEVELOP

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR 2020 23

3.1. Policy strategy options, implementation principles, and priorities 23

3.2. Vision, Mission, and Values of the S&T sector 24

3.3. S&T development policy goals and strategies 25

3.4. Activities to implement the strategies, expected outcomes 26

Goal 1. Establish and develop a competitive R&D sector that meets

market needs and demands 26

Goal 2. Create an effective national innovation system 29

Goal 3. Improve the legal and institutional system of

protecting and utilizing the results of R&D 31

Goal 4. Reforming economy on the basis of technological innovation 31

Goal 5. Enhance the effectiveness of international science and

technology cooperation 33

3.5. Favorable factors and potential risks 34

CHAPTER FOUR. FINANCIAL FRAMEWORK OF THE

MASTER PLAN IMPLEMENTATION 35

CHAPTER FIVE. THE MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK OF THE

MASTER PLAN IMPLEMENTATION 36

5.1. The management in regulating the implementation of the Master Plan 36

5.2. Distribution of duties and responsibilities 36

5.3. Stages and terms of implementation 38

CHAPTER SIX. MONITORING AND EVALUATION 43

6.1. General guiding concepts in monitoring and evaluating the Master plan 43

6.2. Stages of monitoring and evaluation, and the responsible organization 43

BIBLIOGRAPHY 45

ANNEX 1. Funding requirements and projections for Master plan 48

ANNEX 2. Targeted programs of the Master plan 50

ANNEX 3. S&T and innovation indicators 62

CONTENTS

In accordance with the Parliament Resolution number 24, Mongolian scholars

from the Mongolian Academy of Sciences in collaboration with Ministries, have

developed the Science and Technology Master Plan (2007-2020) of Mongolia.

Accordingly, the Government of Mongolia has passed the decree to commence the

implementation of this critical Plan.

This Master Plan is an essential and integral part of the broader National

development strategies and policies; mission of the Master plan is to enhance the

Science and technology capacity, increase the innovation system effectiveness,

promote the Industry-Academia collaboration, contribute to the economic growth

by establishing an enabling social, economic and legal environment, establish a

basis for national technology development, promote the growth of high technology-

based industries, and establish foundation for knowledge-based economy.

Continuous initiative and effective collaboration of our government, scholars, and

business enterprises will ensure the achievement of the objectives proposed in this

Plan. I am full of optimism that with the support and commitment of our stakeholders

and partners, we will mobilize efforts towards the common goal.

PRIME MINISTER OF MONGOLIA

ENKHBOLD MIYEGOMBO

CONTENTS

Foreword

Mr. Koichiro Matsuura

Director-General of UNESCO

Economic development is increasingly driven by the application of advanced scientific

and technological knowledge. Consequently, nations, particularly “newly industrializing

countries”, strive to maximize global competitiveness through promoting national

systems of innovation. However, advantages within a global innovation economy

are often predicated upon explicit science, technology and innovation policies and

the availability of sound institutions for their implementation.

In Mongolia, it is apparent that scientific and technological activities need to

be integrated with other sectors in order to underpin development across the

country’s various regions. Although Mongolia is endowed with a comparatively

strong science and technology base, including human resources and institutions,

its scientific capacity is largely centralized in the capital. In addition, as the economic

transition progresses to a more advanced stage, such resources are in danger

of being underutilized, dissipated or even lost. As a result, the current stage of

economic transition and development in Mongolia holds significant challenges for

achieving equitable and sustainable socio-economic progress; there is hence an

urgent need to build and maintain the country’s innovation capacity.

The main role of UNESCO is to initiate and encourage new thinking on policy

development. It is a major instigator of reforms and innovations through international

co-operation at regional and international levels. As an international organization,

UNESCO also supports regional science and technology policy networks, serving

as a clearing-house and facilitating exchange of experiences. The action of

UNESCO focuses on assisting Member States in the implementation of actions and

recommendations contained in the Declaration and Framework for Action of the

World Conference on Science. This worldwide reflection on the role of science in

the twenty-first century, initiated and promoted by UNESCO and the International

Council for Science, culminated in the conference “Science for the Twenty-First

Century: a new commitment” (Budapest 26 June to 1 July 1999). The conference

adopted the “Declaration on Science and the Use of Scientific Knowledge and the

Science Agenda-Framework for Action”, where the importance of science policy

was reaffirmed. It also emphasized that “regional and international networking and

co-operation can facilitate the exchange of national experiences and the design of

more coherent scientific and technological policies”.

Together with the Science and Technology Policy Asian Network (STEPAN),

UNESCO’s Beijing and Jakarta Offices assisted the Ministry of Education, Culture

and Science of Mongolia to develop a master plan for science and technology for

2007-2020. The broad thrust of the master plan was endorsed at a national

seminar in Ulaanbaatar on 11 May 2004. The Ministry drafted the Science and

Foreword

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020

Technology Master Plan for Mongolia, which was then approved by the Government

in January 2007.

UNESCO was pleased to co-operate with the Ministry of Education, Culture

and Science in developing this milestone in Mongolian science and technology.

I congratulate the efforts of the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, the

Government of Mongolia, the Mongolian National Commission for UNESCO and

other international and national consultants who took part in this important

exercise.

It is my sincere hope that this Science and Technology Master Plan contributes in

concrete ways to the overall development effort in Mongolia.

The Science and Technology Master plan was developed with an active participation

and inclusiveness of the science, industry, and private sector. The Master plan’s

purpose is to develop and implement an effective strategic policy, to set a favorable

environment for S&T and innovation infrastructure by enhancing Mongolian S&T

sector development, concentrating S&T capacity on social needs and demands,

and adapting research institutes’ management to market environment.

In the name of the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science of Mongolia, I would

like to personally appreciate science, business representatives and scholars for

their support in the development of this Plan.

Moreover, our Ministry is particularly grateful to National Commission, and UNESCO

office in Beijing and its experts for their invaluable technical and methodological

assistance in the development of the Master Plan.

Mongolian Academy of Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Mongolian

University of Science and Technology, other research institutes, and university

researchers and professors contributed greatly with their intellectual advice and

expertise.

Several industry organizations were extremely collaborative during the survey on

the industry research and development where they generously shared their data

and provided other technical support: Erdenet Mining Corporation, Altan Taria Co.

Ltd, APU Corporation, Darhan Steel Factory, Gobi Corporation, Golomt Bank, MCS

Group.

We also appreciate all the organizations and individuals for their valuable opinion

and participation during numerous meetings and interviews.

Last but not least, our Ministry is grateful to the Master Plan working team for their

great deal of effort and daily coordination in the development of the Plan.

Minister of Education, Culture and Science

Enkhtuvshin Ulziisaikhan

Acknowledgement

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020

January 3, 2007 Number 2 Ulaanbaatar

Science and Technology Master Plan for the period 2007-2020

The Government of Mongolia authorizes to:

Approve the Science and Technology Master Plan for the period 2007-2020.

Assign U.Enkhtuvshin, Minister of Education, Culture and Science, to organize and

coordinate the implementation of the Master Plan at all stages, and to submit the

consolidated reports of the implementation progress and evaluation/monitoring

every two years.

Assign U.Enkhtuvshin, Minister of Education, Culture and Science, and

N.Bayartsaikhan, Minister of Finance, to take necessary actions to reflect allocations

to mobilize additional investments required to implement the Master plan into the

social and economic guidelines and the annual budgets.

Assign relevant Ministers to implement the Science and Technology Plan in

2007-2020 according to the responsibilities stated in the targeted programs

and activities of the Master plan, and take necessary measures to monitor the

implementations.

Prime Minister of Mongolia M.Enkhbold

Minister of Education, Culture and Science U. Enkhtuvshin

Resolution of the Government of Mongolia

FTE Full-Time Equivalent

GDP Gross Domestic Expenditure

GERD Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development

ICT Information and Communications Technology

IF Impact Factor

ISI Institute for Scientific Information

MAS Mongolian Academy of Sciences

MECS Ministry of Education, Culture and Science

MoCUD Ministry of Construction and Urban Development

MoE Ministry of Environment

MoF Ministry of Finance

MoFA Ministry of Food and Agriculture

MoFE Ministry of Fuel and Energy

MoH Ministry of Health

MoIC Ministry of Industry and Commerce

MoRTT Ministry of Roads, Transportation and Tourism

NIS National Innovation System

PPP Purchasing Power Parity

OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

R&D Research and Development

S&T Science and Technology

SILG Strategic Industry Leaders Group

SME Small and Medium Enterprise

SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats

UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

Abbreviations

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020

Frascati Manual – is a document stipulating the methodology for collecting and

using statistics about research and development. Over the past 40 years, the

NESTI group has developed a series of documents, known as “Frascati Family”, that

includes manuals on R&D (Frascati Manual), innovation (Oslo Manual), innovation

in developing countries (Bogota Manual), human resources (Canberra Manual),

technological balance of payments and patents as science and technology

indicators.

R&D

- Research and experimental development (R&D) comprise creative work

undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge,

including knowledge of man, culture and society, and the use of this stock of

knowledge to devise new applications.

The term R&D covers three activities: basic research, applied research and

experimental development

1. Basic research - is experimental or theoretical work undertaken primarily

to acquire new knowledge of the underlying foundation of phenomena and

observable facts, without any particular application or use in view.

Basic research analyses properties, structures and relationships with a view to

formulating and testing hypotheses, theories or laws. The results of basic research

are not generally sold but are usually published in scientific journals or circulated to

interested colleagues. In basic research, scientists have some freedom to set their

own goals.

Basic research can be oriented or directed towards some broad fields of general

interest, with the explicit goal of a broad range of applications in the future. One

example is the public research programmes on nanotechnology which several

countries have decided on.

Firms in the private sector may also undertake basic research, with a view to

preparing for the next generation of technology. Research on fuel cell technology is

a case in point. It is defined in the Frascati Manual as “oriented basic research”.

Oriented basic research may be distinguished from pure basic research as

follows:

• Pure basic research is carried out for the advancement of knowledge, without

seeking long-term economic or social benefits or making any effort to apply the

results to practical problems or to transfer the results to sectors responsible

for their application.

• Oriented basic research is carried out with the expectation that it will produce

a broad base of knowledge likely to form the basis of the solution to recognized

or expected, current or future problems or possibilities.

OECD (2002), Frascatti Manual

Glossary

2. Applied research – is also original investigation undertaken in order to acquire

new knowledge. It is, however, directed primarily towards a specific practical

aim or objective. Applied research is undertaken either to determine possible

uses for the findings of basic research or to determine new methods or ways

of achieving specific and predetermined objectives. The results of applied

research are intended primarily to be valid for a single or limited number of

products, operations, methods or systems. Applied research gives operational

form to ideas. The knowledge or information derived from it is often patented

but may be kept secret.

3. Experimental development – is systematic work, drawing on knowledge

gained from research and practical experience, that is directed to producing

new materials, products and devices; to installing new processes, systems and

services; or to improving substantially those already produced or installed.

In the social sciences, experimental development may be defined as the

process of translating knowledge gained through research into operational

programmes, including demonstration projects undertaken for testing and

evaluation purposes. The category has little or no meaning for the humanities.

All education and training of personnel in the natural sciences, engineering,

medicine, agriculture, the social sciences and the humanities in universities and

special institutions of higher and post-secondary education should be excluded.

However, research by students at the PhD level carried out at universities should

be counted, whenever possible, as a part of R&D.

The specialized activities of:

- Collecting

- Coding

- Recoding

- Classifying

- Disseminating

- Translating

- Analysing

- Evaluting

are to be excluded, except when conducted solely or primarily for the purpose of

R&D support.

Innovation – A technological product innovation is the implementation/

commercialization of a product with improved performance characteristics such

as to deliver objectively new or improved services to the consumer. A technological

process innovation is the implementation/adoption of new or significantly improved

production or delivery methods. It may involve changes in equipment, human

resources, working methods or a combination of these.

Full-time equivalent (FTE) is a way to measure a worker’s productivity and/or

involvement in a project. An FTE of 1.0 means that the person is equivalent to a

full-time worker. An FTE of 0.5 may signal that the worker is only half-time, or that

his projected output (due to differences in qualification, for example) is only half of

what one may expect.

Purchasing power parity (PPP) is the method of using the long-run equilibrium

exchange rate of two currencies to equalize the currencies’ purchasing power. It is

- Scientific and technical personel

- Bibliograhic service

- Patent service

- Scientific and technical information, extension

and advisory services

- Scientific conferences

GLOSSARY

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020

based on the law of one price, the idea that, in an efficient market, identical goods

must have only one price. These special exchange rates are often used to compare

the standards of living of two or more countries.

Patent is a document issued by the competent state authority which certifies the

recognition of the given solution as an invention or industrial design, and grants

the author an exclusive right to own the invention or industrial design for a certain

period of time.

Industrial design refers to the creative activity of achieving a formal or ornamental

appearance for mass-produced items that, within the available cost constraints,

satisfies both the need for the item to appeal visually to potential consumers, and

the need for the item to perform its intended function efficiently. In a legal sense,

industrial design refers to the right granted in many countries, pursuant to a

registration system, to protect the original ornamental and non-functional features

of an industrial article or product that result from design activity.

Trademark is any sign that individualizes the goods of a given enterprise and

distinguishes them from the goods of its competitors.

Utility models – In a number of countries protection may be obtained for “utility

models.” In essence “utility model” is merely a name given to certain inventions,

namely—according to the laws of most countries which contain provisions on utility

models—inventions in the mechanical field.

The Impact factor, very often abbreviated IF, is a measure of the citations to science

and social science journals. It is frequently used as a proxy for the importance of a

journal to its field. The impact factor for a journal is calculated based on a three-

year period, and can be considered to be the average number of times published

papers are cited up to two years after publication. For example, the 2003 impact

factor for a journal would be calculated as follows:

IF calculation:

A = the number of times articles published in 2003-2004 were cited

in indexed journals during 2005

B = the number of articles, reviews, proceedings or notes published

in 2003-2004

2005 impact factor = A/B

(note that the 2005 impact factor was actually published in 2006, because it could not

be calculated until all of the 2005 publications had been received.)

Scientific and technological activities (STA)

: systematic activities which are

closely concerned with the generation, advancement, dissemination, and application

of scientific and technical knowledge in all fields of science and technology. These

include such activities as R&D, scientific and technological education and training

(STET) and the scientific and technological services (STS)

STA = R&D+ STET+STS

“Zehets ajil” – The phrase “zehets ajil” means “available or completed work.” In

Mongolia this concept is used as completed results of applied research project

that can be used for commercialization.

1 OECD (2002), Frascatti Manual

1.1. The rationale of developing Science and Technology Master Plan

First documented government order to develop and implement Science and

Technology (S&T) Master Plan was included in the “Government policy on science

and technology” and “Approving the program of government activities” (1998).

In 2004, the Parliament of Mongolia has passed a decree No. 24 to develop and

implement the Master plan.

In addition, experts and scholars from Mongolia and other international

organizations have constantly remarked, in their recommendations, about the

importance of establishing an effective S&T system and structure, improving S&T

financing mechanism, and developing and implementing economy growth targeted

S&T strategies.

For instance, a policy recommendation by UNESCO composed in 2000 states:

“a developing country’s concern is to enhance the development of S&T, and to

fully process national natural resources and raw materials for the production of

internationally competitive products in order to enhance the growth of economy.

A MASTER PLAN is necessary to match the S&T growth, new results, and

commercialization system with the market and social needs. It is important to

align R&D capacity with market demand, establish a system with improved S&T

and research capacity and practical policy decision-making process by utilizing

available opportunities and potentials in accordance with economic growth and

social demands.”

Multiple factors such as globalization, rapid growth of information technology,

socio-economic system transformation of Mongolia, and recommendations of

international experts have led to the development of the Master Plan.

This plan will be the key document to guide government, business, and public

organizations’ efforts toward intensive and comprehensive development of science

and technology of Mongolia for 2020. The Master Plan implementation goal

consists of developing advanced technology, using science capacity and resources

as a source for economic growth, establishing effective innovation system, and

promoting sustainable development of R&D sector.

1.2. Concepts followed during the Master Plan development, innovation

trends

The development of the Master Plan was based on Network of Excellence, in other

words, integrating and utilizing knowledge, experience, and ability of scientists from

many sectors. Another essential ingredients of the S&T system are establishing

performance-based R&D financing and the essence of having clear and measurable

research evaluation.

Chapter ONE. BACKGROUND OF THE MASTER PLAN

Chapter ONE.

BACKGROUND OF THE MASTER PLAN

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020

During the development of National S&T Master Plan experiences and practices

of other countries were applied by the following directions:

• Science and technology policy needs to be adaptable and flexible enough

to respond to changes in the regional and global technology and business

environment, therefore, comprehensive research is needed to initiate and

adjust to an effective policy implementation mechanism;

• Increasing funding sources to support the collaboration and partnership

between government – private – research organizations;

• Policy support for science and technology activity should be directed towards

stimulating innovation activities that are essential in other sectors;

• Developing and implementing a policy that stimulates the commitment

towards establishing a network with integrated and coordinated goals and

directions; the efforts of such policy support should be aimed at enhancing

technology development and its feasibility;

• Science and technology policy needs to aim at establishing a system with

constant monitoring and evaluation to improve Government investment

efficiency in S&T sector;

• Developing alternative implementation programs with valid and feasible

science and technology policy priorities and objectives.

• To support interrelated science and technology activities

• To support the knowledge based innovation activities of the national

development strategies

• To establish the science system as the basis of research and technology

development and improve international S&T collaboration

• To improve the technology growth and innovation capacity of private

enterprises. To focus on the improvement of technological capacity of

priority industry sectors.

• Linking National S&T capacity with the regional and global network

The following principles were pursued in the development of the Master plan:

• Encouraging private sectors to participate in the development of S&T

sector and utilizing S&T results

• Ensuring information transparency

• Developing a plan that reflects socio-economic interests and objectives

• Supporting the transfer and adoption of advanced foreign and domestic

technologies

• Ensuring the transparency and acuracy of performance indicators of

investments

1.3. The methodology and road map used in the development of the

Master plan

The S&T Master plan was developed through the following sequence stages, using

the strategic planning principle and approach.

1. Setting up a planning team, drawing a “road map”

2. Evaluating S&T sector to properly assess current situation

3. Setting S&T development goals up to 2020

4. Developing strategies to reach the goals

5. Setting indicators to measure and evaluate long-term, medium-term

results; setting quantitative and qualitative indicators to measure goals and

objectives

6. Integrating the documents and the results of analyses

7. Calculating the costs and possible risks that could arise during the

implementation of the plan; verifying the implementation process results

with a simulation software

With the use of participatory approach in the development of S&T Master plan,

shown in the “road map,” it is expected to be a result-based plan.

The context of the Master plan was developed after completing the following

steps:

1. Sectoral analysis

2. Assessment

3. Policy development, goal setting

4. Activity implementation planning

5. Necessary funding estimation

Based on these analyses, Master plan implementation indicators were categorized

into three groups – 1. Quality, 2. Innovation, 3. Management – which enables

to reveal not only the end results but also the progress of the implementation

process.

The overall S&T Master plan methodology consists of FIVE interrelated logical

stages:

1. Reformulating the role and services of S&T sector to society; setting

sector mission by using SWOT analysis, formulating vision, developing key

strategies, setting values;

2. Identifying development goals and objectives;

3. Developing strategies to reach these goals and objectives;

4. Developing an action plan to implement the strategies;

5. Evaluating each stage of implementation; if necessary, making changes or

modifications in the plan.

Using this methodology in the evaluation and monitoring process is useful not only to

modify current programs/projects, but also to plan future policies and activities.

To summarize, the S&T Master plan was developed by using strategy planning,

result-based management, cross-sectoral methodology.

1.4. Master plan framework and timeframe

Master plan’s framework covers not only Ministry related S&T issues but also

other essential socio-economic sectors in order to adopt an effective national

innovation system.

Chapter ONE. BACKGROUND OF THE MASTER PLAN

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020

As the sub-sector level, the following S&T sectors were selected:

• Medical sciences

• Natural sciences

• Agriculture

• Engineering

• Social sciences and humanities

1.5. Content structure of the Master plan

Each part of the Master plan content contains relevant evaluations and

diagnoses:

1. Chapter one. Background of the Master plan

2. Chapter two. Current socio-economic and S&T situation of Mongolia

3. Chapter three. Policy objectives and strategies to develop science and

technology for 2020

4. Chapter four. Financial framework Master plan implementation

5. Chapter five. The management framework of the Master plan

implementation

6. Chapter six. Monitoring and Evaluation of the Master plan implementation

7. Chapter seven. Activity plan for 2010

8. ANNEXES

The following goals are to be implemented through 3 stages:

2007-2010 (1

stage)

2011-2015 (2

stage)

2016-2020 (3

stage).

The S&T Master plan contains 5 main goals:

1. Establish and develop a competitive R&D sector

2. Create an effective national innovation system

3. Create a legal and institutional system of protecting and utilizing the results

of R&D

4. Reforming economy on the basis of technological innovation

5. Develop an effective international science and technology cooperation

The Master plan includes the models for 6 Targeted programs (Annex 2) which

will serve as the main mechanism for the implementation of objectives and

activities of the Master plan.

1. Identifying and implementing S&T priorities and key technologies of

Mongolia

2. National innovation system (NIS) development

3. Enhancing S&T information, monitoring and evaluation system

4. Development of advanced technology in Mongolia

5. Training and supporting young researchers

6. Supporting university R&D

Chapter TWO. CURRENT SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND S&T SITUATION OF MONGOLIA

2.1. Socio-economic development and S&T capacity

It is commonly agreed that the key to economic development lies in adopting

knowledge-based economy. S&T and innovation development determines country’s

economic development and its competitiveness in the global market. In the initial

stages of transition to market, the main concern was to sustain a macroeconomic

stability, whereas today, the top priority is to develop a basis for long-term economic

growth. In today’s rapidly developing world, ability to swiftly process information,

identifying critical mass, and investing in intellectual properties have become

crucial factors of effective organization and economy development. Investing in

intellectual properties has become one of the most efficient ways to utilize capital.

Intangible property as a percentage of total assets of firms and corporations is

rapidly increasing. As the commercialization of S&T results becomes more active,

the process of innovation cycle becomes more recurrent leading to accelerated

production of innovation products and technologies.

There is still a lack of contribution of S&T sector to the national economic growth,

and our country’s innovation activities are still obsolete in the global and regional

level. Continuance of such trend further increases the risk of economy decline.

Based on comprehensive S&T analysis, the S&T Master plan’s aim is to select

an appropriate development module in order to develop an accurate policy.

Within the framework of the S&T Master plan development in 2007-2020, in

2006 the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (MECS) has conducted an

evaluation and assessment on S&T sector capacity, and consequently, has identified

key issues of the sector.

Compared to lower-middle-income economies, the imports as a percentage of

GDP of Mongolia is 2-4 times lower

. This illustrates our economy’s dependence on

foreign countries with relatively low value added and trade ratio. Out of total export

products of Mongolia, 45% is produced with non-technological content, 52%

are low technology products, and 3% contain low-medium technology content.

However, the percentage of imported products with medium-high, low-medium,

and low technologies is very high.

Although, in the past, the Government has developed several policy documents

and national programs on science and technology development, very few have

come to realization. The socio-economic and industry development documents

did not contain sufficient support on utilizing S&T resources, S&T – academia –

1 “Science and technology sector assessment of Mongolia,” MECS, 2006

2 “World development Indicators”, 2005

Chapter TWO.

CURRENT SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND S&T SITUATION

OF MONGOLIA

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020

industry collaboration, or international cooperation on S&T. Without a system and

infrastructure that supports these linkages, the public awareness on importance

of S&T will remain low. Therefore, there is even a greater necessity for coordinating

cross-sectoral activities, establishing accurate information and monitoring

system, adopting effective innovation system, and setting accurate and feasible

policy development strategies.

2.2. Current S&T situation

During the transition period, the Government of Mongolia has made numerous

attempts to attain a policy on S&T development, utilizing R&D results, enhancing

industry’s role in S&T, and establishing a structure and legal environment that meets

the global demands. Some of the major laws and regulations include: Constitution of

Mongolia (1992), Law on National security (2001), National security policy (1994),

Mongolian Foreign Affairs Policy (1994), Government policy on S&T (1998), Law (1994), Government policy on S&T (1998), Law

on S&T (1998), Law on technology transfer (1998), Law on Legal Status of theLaw on Legal Status of the

Mongolian Academy of Sciences (1996), Law on higher education (2002), Patent (1996), Law on higher education (2002), Patent

law (1993, 2006), Copyright law (1993, 2006).

As of 2006, there are 2642 personnel working in 51 (47 government, 4 private)

research organizations which include research institutes, R&D corporations, and

universities.

S&T human resource quantity and structure has noticeably changed. The number

of researchers has decreased from 3102 in 1995, to 2642 in 2004. The number

of engineers and technical personnel, who play a direct role in the effectiveness and

quality of R&D, has been reduced by 2.5 times. In 1996, researchers up to 40 years

of age made up 52.2% of total researchers. The decrease of this figure to 44.3%,

in 2004, is correlated to decrease in salary and popularity of S&T occupation.

90% of research institutes are located in the capital city, Ulaanbaatar. 75% of S&T

personnel consist of researchers. In recent years there has been considerable

progress regarding the training of young researchers. As of 2005, 171 young

researchers and scientists from 32 research institutes and universities of Mongolia

are studying abroad in 25 countries. As of 2006, the percentage of research

personnel with education degrees (ScD, PhD, master) is at 48.9% which is not a

low number, even compared to other countries. One-third of research personnel

are in natural sciences sector, and each of social sciences and engineering sectors

contain one-fifth of research personnel.

One of the widely used indicators to evaluate S&T capacity is the “number of

researchers per 1 million population”. This indicator tends to decrease in Mongolia

in the past ten years. The decrease in numbers of college and university students

enrolled in natural science, technology and engineering fields could lead to shortage

of skilled specialists in this sector.

In the past 10 years, current S&T expenditures have increased by 5.6 times, and

expenditures at 1995 prices have increased twice. As of 2005, S&T sector budget

expenditure is 4,605.7 million tugrik (or 3.9 million US dollars) or 0.35% of GDP.

According to statistics, 90% of funding for S&T sector is financed by government

and 10% is generated from non-government sources.

When comparing S&T funding to other countries, it appears as if S&T sector

activities of Mongolia are funded solely by the Government budget. This is due to

a lack of research and/or detailed reports on source of funding, thus there are no

available statistical data.

Chapter TWO. CURRENT SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND S&T SITUATION OF MONGOLIA

The S&T expenditure has been rapidly declining since 1990. In 1990, 1.0% of GDP

was contributed to S&T activities which was comparable to developed countries.

However since 1990, the number has been reduced to 0.35% in 2004 which is

comparable among developing countries (Georgia – 0.3, Bolivia – 0.3, Kyrgyzstan

– 0.2, Mauritania – 0.3).

As of 2004, R&D expenditure per researcher (including university professors

and tutors) was US $1,300. This figure is almost 45 times lower compared to

developing countries ($58,000).

Determining S&T activities and S&T expenditures of colleges and universities is

not a simple task. In 2005, out of 2938 faculty staff in 11 public universities, 963

or 33% had education degrees. According to National Science Foundation data,

colleges and universities consumed 20% of total R&D expenditures which suggests

their researchers and scientists are not utilized to the fullest capacity.

In the past five years, increase of expenditures in basic research and decrease in

applied research costs are not a favorable indication for a country with such limited

S&T resources. It has passed five years since financing and initiating “Zehets ajil

”

projects for the purpose of utilizing research results. Through 2000-2006, 52

“Zehets ajil” projects have been announced and implemented in the areas of new

materials, adopting technologies, and exploiting natural resources.

Although funding among S&T sectors is relatively balanced, it is preferable to

increase R&D funding for agriculture and engineering sectors. On the other hand,

R&D funding for natural science sector is considerably higher than other sectors.

In 2004, out of 10.1 billion tugrik of total research institutes’ capital 64.9%

consisted of properties and 23.6% consisted of machinery and equipment. 45.5%

of total machinery and equipment were obsolete. The indicators for facilities and

equipment show downward numbers.

According to 2006 statistics, research institutes and universities require at least

405 different types (or 1198 pieces) of tools and equipment, which requires at

least 4,449 million tugriks, in order to conduct advanced R&D.

One of the S&T performance indicators used in Mongolia is the number of

publications in foreign countries. Like in most countries, natural science (44.2%)

social science and humanities (23.3%) share most of the proportion of published

books or articles.

2004 statistics on the number of publications per S&T personnel among S&T

sectors show quite proportionate numbers. The number of patents per 100 S&T

personnel reveals that engineering (3.6) and medical science (4.5) have the highest

figures. The expenditure per personnel is highest in Agriculture sector (1.29 million

tugriks), and lowest in engineering sector (0.69 million tugriks).

In 1990-2002, annual average number of registered patents was 130-140;

nonetheless since 1994-2004, only 19 of total 67 license agreements were in

effect. This shows a very ineffective utilization of intellectual properties.

In 2005, the Ministry of Education, Culture, and Science conducted a survey among

9 large industry enterprises: Erdenet Mining Corporation, APU Corporation, Buyan

1 The phrase “zehets ajil” means “available or completed work.” In Mongolia this concept is

used as completed results of applied research project that can be used for commercialization.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020

Co. Ltd, Newcom Co. Ltd, Gobi Corporation, 3rd Energy station of Ulaanbaatar, MCS

Group, Darhan Steel Factory, Golomt Bank, and Altan Taria Co. Ltd. The results

revealed that 8 of them performed R&D activities besides their main activity; 5 of

these had a unit in charge of R&D activities. 7 of the participants responded they

“cooperate with research institutes and universities.” The forms of the cooperation

are as follows:

Form of cooperation Responses

Joint projects and researches 71.4%

Staff training and consulting 57.1%

Contract research work 42.9%

Donation 28.6%

The results of the survey also revealed that private enterprises spend considerable

capital on R&D (in 2004 6,271.8 million tugrik). The fact that 2004 R&D expenditure

of 5 respondents is 14.5% higher than 2003 state budget expenditure on R&D

invalidates the early-mentioned perception that S&T sector activities of Mongolia

are funded solely by government budget.

Current state of innovation: The global trends and experiences show that today

economies are developed by utilizing intellectual capacity of society in dynamic socio-

economic growth, by developing an effective education and innovation systems

based on “knowledge-based” environment, and by establishing an infrastructure

and legal environment through a government policy. Some of the prerequisites

necessary for such development are available in Mongolia, for instance:

• The basic science sectors are developing

• The opportunities and conditions are becoming increasingly favorable for

conducting applied research, technology development, and utilizing R&D

results

• The basis of vocational education and training system is established

• Legal environment to create some of the elements of innovation structure,

innovation-technology center, technology transfer center, industry park, is

being established

However, the necessity to develop these through linkage with market demand is

becoming increasingly complex.

For the purpose of developing and adapting to an effective innovation system, the

following obstacles are encountered:

• The economic demand on commercializing research results is weak. This

is caused by several things: limited capital of industry to expand innovation

activities, high cost of developing a new technology, high economic risk,

lengthy investment payback period.

• Financial and human resources are not structured in a way to support the

implementation of science-industry projects; activities related to evaluating

and utilizing government funded research results are not adequate.

• The interaction and collaboration among research institutes, colleges and

universities, and industry is weakly linked which is an unfavorable factor for

conducting joint innovation projects, exchanging and training researchers

and engineers, and executing the stages of “applied research-experimental

development-production.

• Market and innovation information on producing new products and

technologies is not adequate.

Chapter TWO. CURRENT SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND S&T SITUATION OF MONGOLIA

• The significance of innovation process in the socio-economic development

is not fully recognized by government and administrative agencies;

2.3. Current issues of the S&T sector

Based on the results of S&T sector assessment of Mongolia, the following issues

were composed.

I. Innovation

1. Legal environment to enhance and coordinate innovation activities is not

fully established; there is a lack of economic stimulus from the Government

to support such environment.

2. Innovation infrastructure is not developed; knowledge and technology

transfer mechanism is not well established.

3. Industry’s participation in the innovation development is weak; the process

of “maturing” of small enterprises is slow.

4. Activities to commercialize R&D results are inadequate; there is a weak

collaboration among educational and research institutes, innovation

organizations, and small, medium and big enterprises.

5. Industry technology is underdeveloped; science-industry link is weak; our

economy is notably dependent on foreign technology.

6. Industry’s response to adopt technology solution is weak; industry’s overall

demand and interest to implement R&D is low.

II. Quality

1. Research organizations lack laboratory facilities; lack of funding for

equipment and tools; theoretical and practical expertise level of researchers

is comparatively low; research organizations are not adapted to operate

under competitive market conditions; the capability to conduct R&D is

inadequate.

2. There is no advanced system to monitor and evaluate research expenditures,

results, and productivity; the indicators to assess S&T level and capacity are

too vague and irrelevant; detailed statistical data on S&T sector is lacking;

there are no determined indicators to monitor and evaluate activities of

researchers.

3. Due to high concentration on purchase of imported technologies and

equipment, industry is ignoring the knowledge and technologies of domestic

R&D sector, thus, causing waste of R&D expenditures and potentials.

4. The system of monitoring and assessment of S&T sector is merely at the

early stages of development.

5. The Government has been funding applied researches with low domestic

or international market demands. Lack of performance indicators to

accurately evaluate S&T outputs and lack of precise priority directions has

led to ineffective usage of already scarce resources in Mongolia.

III. Management

1. Although Mongolia is rich in natural and agricultural resources, S&T sector

plays little role in utilizing them;

2. Subjects of research projects that are selected and implemented do not

correspond to market demands; opportunities are limited for updating and

exchanging information; management and control over government funded

activities is not effective;

3. There is no policy on enhancing science-education collaboration;

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020 Chapter THREE. POLICY OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES TO DEVELOP SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR 2020

4. Budget funding system for S&T sector is ineffective and inefficient; the

amount of funding is insufficient, and the distribution and utilization of funds

is not effective;

5. The policies of socio-economic and S&T development are not coordinated;

there is no definite methodology of setting priority areas and key technologies;

cross-sectoral coordination of S&T activities is weak; the role and activities

of National Council of Science and Technology in S&T sector is limited; there is

no integrated policy on technology development; the system of transferring,

assessing, and adopting foreign technology is yet to be established; a policy

on training S&T personnel is not refined; the S&T development policy is

unclear and activity management is poorly organized;

6. Compared to other sectors, S&T sector of Mongolia receives very little

financial support and loans; there are few joint projects and programs with

foreign countries and organizations; most of the joint projects with foreign

organizations are implemented according to the interest and benefit of

the foreign side; inadequate actions are carried out to maximize the use

of resources and to collaborate with Mongolian researchers who work

abroad.

7. Results of R&D are not fully utilized, and their intellectual property rights

are not properly enforced.

8. The salary of S&T personnel, which is significantly lower than the researchers

in the domestic private sector or international academic peers, has a

negative impact on young scholars to commit themselves to sustainable

academic work.

2.4. The rationale for the system reforms

The slow transition progress of our economy into a knowledge-based economy,

and slow development of innovation and technology are directly associated with

slow adaptation to the new system and infrastructure following the disintegration

of centralized economy. In addition, administrative authorities of every level neglect

the importance of an issue, and they offer little incentives to promote selection and

implementation of an appropriate innovation development approach. Consequently,

without accurate priorities, opportunities are lost to exploit substantial amount of

available resources.

In order to renew industrial technologies, increasing of investments has become

one of the key priorities. This requires a great deal of commitment in order to

increase the competitiveness and to promote technology development.

System reforms and promotion of an enhanced development of S&T and innovation

are essential for a successful implementation of the Master plan. These include:

- Providing stimulus for investments in new knowledge and advanced

technologies;

- Increasing the awareness of need for technology among stakeholders of

economy;

- Enhancing innovation activities through constant upgrade of technologies;

- Increasing the Government support for establishing favorable custom duties

and tariffs, enforcing intellectual property rights, improving the system of

basic research and higher education.

Chapter THREE. POLICY OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES TO DEVELOP SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR 2020

3.1 Policy strategy options, implementation principles, and priorities

In order to address the systemic challenges, there is a need for a comprehensive

state policy to optimize and develop the S&T and Innovation sectors meeting the

market demands, to nurture knowledge, to rapidly commercialize and apply into the

economy the findings and intellectual properties developed as a result of undertaken

projects in the priority academic and research areas. In order to implement these

actions, the strategy and key principles of the state policy are identified as follows.

1) Policy strategy

In addressing the sector challenges, the enhancement of competitiveness of

R&D, the development of the effective infrastructure for innovation, undertaking

of the technology renewal in selected economy sectors through combined efforts

of the National academic institutions and adaptation of advanced international

technologies will be undertaken through development of the enabling environment

for “knowledge nurturing” and focus of resources in the few selected priority

areas.

2) Key implementation principles

The public funds and resources allocated for R&D shall be primarily targeted

at the following priority areas:

 Oriented basic research as a source for promotion of applied research and

experimental development;

 Few selected S&T priority areas to lift the competitiveness of S&T

internationally, to enhance the economic efficiency of R&D;

 Development of the National innovation infrastructure to develop and

apply into the production of knowledge intensive products, services and

technologies; to link the investments with the demand and interest of

producers.

The public-private partnership, in the framework of R&D and technological

renewal of economic sectors, shall be undertaken in line with the following

principles:

 To jointly finance, from the state budget and private sector, the activities

aimed to develop the applied research and innovation infrastructure;

 To enhance the competitiveness of key industry sectors through technology

renewal and effective regulation of R&D activities;

 To promote from the state the private sector participation in enabling of

Chapter THREE.

POLICY OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES TO DEVELOP SCIENCE

AND TECHNOLOGY FOR 2020

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Chapter THREE. POLICY OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES TO DEVELOP SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR 2020

innovation market in the academic sector;

 To implement the S&T priority areas by means of targeted programs; to

increase the non-government resources for the implementation.

3) Policy priorities of S&T

1. To reform the management, financial system, legal framework of S&T

operations in line with the social, market demands, the National and regional

development trends, effective use of the sector resources;

2. In promoting the “Academia-Science-Industry” integrated partnership to

encourage the training of highly qualified engineers, analysts and professionals,

and to undertake those academic and research works as the priority that

are in line with the market development trends and demands;

3. To increase the role of S&T in the nation’s development through directing

the capacity and resources of the National S&T at addressing the social

and economic challenges of priority industry sectors such as exploration of

minerals, mining, agriculture, and energy;

4. To establish and develop national innovation infrastructure to train the

professionals, and to ensure the legal framework that enables innovation

activities in all sectors;

5. To develop strategic basic research that focuses on progressive ideas and

initiatives for the technological innovation;

6. To fully introduce and apply the information and communication technology

into education, health, civil service, business and commerce sectors.

3.2. Vision, Mission, and Values of the S&T sector

1) Vision

In the XXI century Mongolian S&T follows the primary principle to “be a nation

developing the science based on new knowledge and advanced technology”, to

practice the national innovation system as a driving force for social and economic

development for 2020, and to ensure secure and quality living of the people by

creating and producing advanced knowledge and by continuously supporting the

science and technology progress and development,

2) Mission

The mission of the science and technology of Mongolia is to practice the effective

management and finance systems based on the social and market demands,

ensure ecological balance, by supporting effective utilization of sectoral resources,

by facilitating effective education-science-industry collaboration, by gaining

comparative advantage through enhanced competitiveness of small and medium

enterprises, and by maintaining environmental and ecological balance.

3) Values of the S&T

• Intellectual capital

• Integration of Research and Education

• Innovation Partnership

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Chapter THREE. POLICY OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES TO DEVELOP SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR 2020

3.3. S&T development policy goals and strategies

Goal 1. Establish and develop a competitive R&D sector that meets market needs

and demands

Strategy 1.1. To identify the S&T priorities and enable its implementation

system in line with the structural changes of the economy and

development trends

Strategy 1.2. To enhance the selection of R&D works to be financed from

the public funds by optimizing the management, structure, and

financing mechanisms of science and technology sector

Strategy 1.3. Restructuring the research organizations, enhance their

capacity building, make structural changes in the Government

R&D sector

Strategy 1.4. To intensify the collaboration among research institutes and

universities

Strategy 1.5. To introduce significant reforms in the S&T human resource

management

Goal 2. Create an effective national innovation system

Strategy 2.1. To create economic stimuli for the collaboration of science-

industry activities and joint research work

Strategy 2.2. Implement a policy supporting all types innovation funding

Strategy 2.3. Create and develop the innovation infrastructure

Strategy 2.4. Establish a system that prepares specialists, and provides

information and consulting service that are useful for

participants in innovation activities

Goal 3. Improve the legal and institutional system of protecting and utilizing the

results of R&D

Strategy 3.1. Improve the system of protecting and utilizing the intellectual

property rights

Strategy 3.2. Establish an information database of government-financed

R&D results; support and stimulate the activities related to

commercialization and popularization of research results

Goal 4. Reforming economy on the basis of technological innovation

Strategy 4.1. Increase the demand on innovation in industrial sector, promote

the technological renovation, support the efforts to

intensify the technology development, create the conditions

for formation of innovation clusters and network.Make a

technological reform in the economy by developing advanced

technologies and by actively participating in the international

technological cooperation, and improve the technology

competitiveness

Strategy 4.3. Create a sustainable legal and organizational environment

supporting the S&T cooperation between public and private

sectors

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Chapter THREE. POLICY OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES TO DEVELOP SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR 2020

Strategy 4.4. Create a long-term technology forecast system of Mongolia

Strategy 4.5. Strengthening the role of R&D sector in the national economic

system

Goal 5. Enhance the effectiveness of international science and technology

cooperation

Strategy 5.1. Identify priority cooperation areas in the international and

regional S&T, involve the Mongolian researchers studying

and working abroad in the national research work, improve

the capacity of laboratories, increase the funding from foreign

sources for the preparation of young researchers.

Strategy 5.2. In order to develop the S&T priority areas, create a legal

environment for the distribution of some part of the international

aids and loans, provided to the Government, to the S&T

sector.

3.4. Activities to implement the strategies, expected outcomes

Goal 1. Establish and develop a competitive R&D sector that meets market needs

and demands

Strategy 1.1. To identify the S&T priorities and enable its implementation

system in line with the structural changes of the economy and

development trends

Implementation approaches

1) To define and develop the national priorities of S&T and key

technologies.

• Elaborate the methods of identifying the S&T priorities and the list of key

technologies, create legal and other environments, and provide information

necessary for its implementation information. Largely use this method in the

elaboration of the targeted economic technological program and projects

of the concrete economic sector.

• Support and finance the research and experimental works conducted by

universities, research institutes and business enterprises.

• The requirements when identifying the S&T priorities and key technologies

are: 1) the priority should be able to solve simultaneously a number

of important national problems or aimed to provide a solution to long

term sustainable development of one of the sectors, 2) be able to play a

predominant role in the solution of current and future challenges in the

economy, society, science and technology, 3) be able to influence other

fields and stream lines of the S&T, have a cross-sectoral character, 4) the

priorities should have the level and outcome recognized at international

level, be able to participate in the international scientific cooperation and

attract foreign investments.

• The research priorities for 2010, within the framework of the subsectors of

the S&T, responding to the above mentioned requirements are defined as

below mentioned:

I. Research priorities of the Natural sciences

1. Develop geo-science basic research studies

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Chapter THREE. POLICY OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES TO DEVELOP SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR 2020

2. Make a comprehensive assessment of ecological situation of Mongolia,

create a technology and facilities reducing the environmental pollution of

anthropogenic character

3. Conduct a comprehensive study of biological resources of Mongolia, and

develop chemical and biological processing SMEs to produce specific and

biologically active products.

II. Research priorities of Agricultural sciences

1. Protect and study the biological reserves of livestock, flora and fauna, utilize the

biological, biotechnological and genetic methods in diagnosing and treatment

2. Cultivate new types of seeds acclimatized to the climate and environment

changes of Mongolia, develop a technology of ecological complex of

agriculture

3. Improve the monitoring methods of reserves and utilization of pastures,

restore the pasture and land in degradation.

III. Research priorities of Technique and Technological sector

1. Create the technology of extraction of minerals and the technology to restore

and process the final product;

2. Seek for energy efficient and renewable new technologies, seek for new

minerals and construction raw materials, and develop new materials based

on advanced technology.

3. Increase the competitiveness of woolen and cashmere products in the

international market by improving traditional national technology and

acclimatizing the advanced foreign technology.

4. Electronics production and information technology.

IV. Research priorities of Medical sciences

1. Improve the areas of: food security, food and nourishment, the spreading of

infectious diseases, immunization, traditions and practices related to the

healthy environment, the health of mother and child.

2. Improve the diseases related to: blood circulation, main diseases of children,

youth and women, the diabetes, liver disorder. Develop the technology of

transplantation and elaborate the bio-technological diagnostics.

3. Theoretical studies on technologies to develop and produce new medicines;

conduct integrated studies of traditional and modern medicine.

V. Research priorities of Social sciences and Humanities

1. Conduct studies on the native language of the Mongols, its history, civilization,

literature, art, philosophy, ethnical origins, traditions, customs, the mode of

life.

2. The social and economic studies on futurology, study of science, politics and

law.

3. Researches on the policy of neighboring countries, and of Western and

Eastern developed countries concerning Mongolia, and study multilateral

problems of relationships and cooperation with these countries.

2) Concentrate resources in priority areas of the S&T development

• The selection of research areas should take into account the following

requirements:

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Chapter THREE. POLICY OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES TO DEVELOP SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR 2020

1. the research field should have the priority place in the National

economy or international scientific program,

2. have an important role in improving the quality of life,

3. to be aimed at strengthening the National security,

4. accelerate the industrial technological development, increase its

competitiveness,

5. improve the development of agriculture, increase the amount and

quality of food for population,

6. create a comprehensive cluster in the National economy based on

S&T.

• Make systematic update on the S&T priorities and key technologies,

coordinate it with the concrete stages of social and economic development,

develop and perform optimal rapport of the basic and applied studies;

• Introduce the forms of science-industry cooperation in accordance with the

market demand, create a favorable legal environment, assure the financial

supply;

• Promote joint involvement of state and private sectors in setting S&T

research priorities and key technologies;

Strategy 1.2. To enhance the selection of R&D works to be financed from

the public funds by optimizing the management, structure, and

financing mechanisms of science and technology sector

Implementation approaches

• Develop a flexible administrative and organizational system of the S&T that

can facilitate the implementation of the priority tasks;

• Create few numbers of large National research centers to address the

common goals and issues of Mongolia; consequently, increase research

expenditure, concentrate the resources, and enhance the S&T and socio-

economic impact of research work. The research centers to be created:

o National research center of biology resources

o National research center of agriculture

o Medical research institute

o National research center of mineral resources

o Technology center of energy development

• Establish a unified system to monitor and evaluate the funding distribution,

utilization, and performance of research work;

• Increase the financing resources of the S&T, improve the methods

of calculation, planning and expenditures, and optimize the funding

mechanism;

• Transfer from current system of financing the organization and staff to the

system of financing research projects, in particular, few major targeted

programs;

• Develop the quantity and quality indicators of assessing the development

level of S&T and its statistics, create an information database.

Strategy 1.3. Restructuring the research organizations, enhance their capacity

building, make structural changes in the Government R&D sector

Implementation approaches

• Improve the research organizations’ capacity building by increasing the

efficiency their activities, taking into account the distinctive characteristics

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Chapter THREE. POLICY OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES TO DEVELOP SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR 2020

of the organizations when conducting basic and applied researches;

• Resolve the matters related to financial sources that is necessary for the

renovation of equipments and laboratories of the research organizations;

• Restructuring S&T sector by creating a monitoring and assessment system

of the activities and performances of research organizations;

• Establish a legal environment to estimate the value of intellectual properties

and to include in the intangible assets of the research organization;

• Enforce the clauses of Law on calculating the value of and registering the

intangible assets;

• Create a non-profit, NGO within the framework of the S&T priorities, support

and expand their R&D activities, provide a favorable legal environment;

Strategy 1.4. To intensify the collaboration among research institutes and

universities

Implementation approaches

• Implement a policy that ensures the coherence of research institutes and

universities that conduct basic researches;

• Create joint research teams and groups of scientists and researchers of

Universities and research institutes;

• Provide government support to create campuses at the Universities and

specialized scientific villages;

• Increase the number and amount of research grants offered to young

researchers and professors of the University;

• Support the initiative to create complexes and research-education-

production centers to be shared by research and educational

organizations;

• Transform and develop some Universities in the form of innovation and

“research” University, obtain support of international organizations in the

activities of research-education centers;

Strategy 1.5. To introduce significant reforms in the S&T human resource

management

Implementation approaches

• Development and implement a program on “Training and supporting young

researchers”;

• Appreciate in adequate manner the achievement of the scientists and

academic staff in research and experimental works, resolve the wage and

other social issues of R&D personnel;

• Create favorable good living and working conditions for scientists specialized

in priority areas of S&T, take measures creating legal environment and

economic stimulation for supporting talented free-lance researchers;

• Develop and implement a document on ethics of scientists and

researchers

Expected outcome:

• The S&T sector will develop in sustainable manner and rapidly, thanks to

the creation of internationally competitive knowledge, creation of conditions

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Chapter THREE. POLICY OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES TO DEVELOP SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR 2020

for its re-production, and development of competitive R&D sector in the

country and abroad;

• Creation of a favorable good living and working conditions for S&T

personnel;

• Improved utilization of human and financial resources;

• Enhanced resources to solve complex of some socio-economic issues due

to creation of at least five National research centers;

• Improved effectiveness of sector activities as the result of elaboration of

S&T administrative, organizational, and financial mechanisms;

• Improved research-education collaboration

Goal 2. Create an effective national innovation system

Strategy 2.1. To create economic stimuli for the collaboration of science-

industry activities and joint research work

Implementation approaches

• Support and stimulate co-funding of R&D by public and private sectors,

strengthen the cooperation between public and private sectors in the field

of science and technology;

• State support in the implementation of joint R&D by firms and research

institutions in the framework of S&T priorities;

• Coordinate closely the selection of government-funded R&D themes with

innovation activities;

• Organize innovation activity as a principal form of activity of research

institutes and universities;

• State support in creating, at research institutes and universities, the unit of

technology transfer, incubator center, high-tech SME;

• Establish a council on technology policy at regional and national levels;

Strategy 2.2. Implement a policy supporting all types innovation funding

Implementation approaches

• Create a system of continuous funding for projects at all phases of

innovation

• Create a venture fund in order to finance “Zehets ajil” and other activities

such as developing and experimenting utility models, patenting, and

marketing that is coordinated with the strategic and business plan;

• Establish legal environment for continuous support for all phases of

innovation activities through financial policy;

• Expand state support on activities of startup innovation firms;

• Improve the legal environment on regulating the financial risks of

innovation;

• Develop the cooperation of the parties involved in the innovation system;

• Create legal framework of owning, protecting, transferring and using the

results of government-financed innovation projects;

Strategy 2.3. Create and develop the innovation infrastructure

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Implementation approaches

• Develop the production-technological infrastructure (technology park,

innovation and technology center, business incubator, technology transfer

center);

• Develop the forms of cooperation of parties involved in the innovation

system;

• Adopt the law on legal status of the elements of innovation infrastructure

that was created with the participation of state property;

• Within the framework of economic priority areas, create and develop

innovation infrastructure based on large regional industries;

• Provide state support aiming to create the centers responsible for:

conducting the technological research, patenting, finding investors,

protecting the legal rights of intellectual property;

Strategy 2.4. Establish a system that prepares specialists, and provides

information and consulting service that are useful for participants

in innovation activities

Implementation approaches

• Create a specialized National information database responsible for

supporting innovation activities in order to protect, popularize and

commercialize the results of government-financed innovation research;

• Create (independent, or under the research institute or university) centers

of specialized education and consulting services on protection of intellectual

property, standardization, delivering certificates, conducting technological

evaluations;

• Establish, in the framework of innovation, a continued multi-level training

system, introduce and diffuse the innovation culture in the science and

production fields;

• Prepare specialized human resources in innovation activities; conduct a

specialized training;

• Provide the colleges and universities – that have a license to conduct

training on innovation policy and management – with skilled instructors and

professors, enhance the learning environment;

• Advertise by mass media the results and achievements of successfully

implemented innovation activities; regularly, organize the innovation

exhibitions and trade fairs.

Expected outcome

• Establishment of an effective national infrastructure, legal environment,

and management for innovation activities;

• Development of market relations (1) in use of intellectual resources, (2)

innovation assets, (3) innovation products, (4) services supporting the

innovation;

• Creation of multiple forms of funding and government supports for innovation

activities;

• Creation of advanced technology based innovation clusters as the result of

enhanced science – industry collaboration.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020

Chapter THREE. POLICY OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES TO DEVELOP SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR 2020

Goal 3. Improve the legal and institutional system of protecting and utilizing

the results of R&D

Strategy 3.1. Improve the system of protecting and utilizing the intellectual

property rights

Implementation approaches

• Develop quantity and quality indicators to assess R&D results; create an

information database of these results, detailed S&T statistics and other

S&T information, and diffuse them;

• Improve the mechanisms of protecting, introducing, utilizing, monitoring

and assessing the Government-financed research results and findings;

• Set the intellectual productivity as main criteria and indicator to evaluate

and assess the capacity of research institute and researchers;

• Intensify the cooperation among research, public and private sectors on

commercializing and utilizing the results of research work.

Strategy 3.2. Establish an information database of government-financed

R&D results; support and stimulate the activities related to

commercialization and popularization of research results

Implementation approaches

• Create a unified information database of government-financed research

and scientific work;

• Adopt and apply the rules and procedures regulating the use of research

results financed by the state and joint financing. The interests of all involved

parties (author, employer, contractor, executor, investor) will be protected

in a balanced manner;

• Provide the opportunity for domestic firms to openly access information

database on research results financed by the state budget;

• In special circumstances, take measures aiming to utilize the research

results, financed by the state, through license agreement, free of charge;

also in special cases, allow the sale of the research results through auction

bids;

• Provide public awareness efforts on the protection of rights and use of the

intellectual property.

Expected outcome

• Increased opportunity for research organizations and researchers to

benefit from their academic work as the result of improved intellectual

property utilization and protection;

• Establishment of information database on R&D results; consequently,

increased opportunity to utilize and commercialize these results;

• Increase in the number of license agreements of R&D results.

Goal 4. Reforming economy on the basis of technological innovation

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020

Chapter THREE. POLICY OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES TO DEVELOP SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR 2020

Strategy 4.1. Increase the demand on innovation in industrial sector, promote

the technological renovation, support the efforts to intensify the

technology development, create the conditions for formation

of innovation clusters and network. Make a technological

reform in the economy by developing advanced technologies

and by actively participating in the international technological

cooperation, and improve the technology competitiveness

Implementation approaches

• Create a stable integration of science and technology by stimulating the

industrial sectors’ demand on innovation and research results.

• Create favorable conditions for increasing foreign investment based on high

technology;

• Introduce a system providing long-term discounted loans primarily for

production of the high technology products.

• Provide tax discounts on domestic advanced technology products, for a

specified period, in order to facilitate the exports of such products.

• Elaborate and execute the plan of implementing and using the advanced

technology developed by domestic research organizations.

• Organize exhibitions and trade fairs of high technology goods and services.

Strategy 4.2. Create a sustainable legal and organizational environment

supporting the S&T cooperation between public and private

sectors

Implementation approaches

• Improve the participation of private sector in the innovation programs and

projects.

• Enhance the interest and involvement of private sector in contracting and

implementing innovation and S&T projects, and utilizing its results.

• Take necessary measure to promote the co-funding of major national

innovation projects by Mongolian Development Fund, SME supporting

fund, National S&T Foundation; simultaneously, increase the amount of

Government funding for the projects.

• Establish and develop the innovation “active” zones, such as science villages,

technology parks, free economic zones; enhance the involvement of private

sectors in the activities of these zones.

Strategy 4.3. Create a long-term technology forecast system of Mongolia

Implementation approaches

• Build a sustainable system to forecast long-term technology development

of Mongolia.

• Create a system to analyze and assess the S&T situation of Mongolia level.

• Conduct studies on trends of international S&T development.

• Define the indicators to measure the industry’s innovation development

level and their innovation activity performance; continuously update the

indicators.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020

Chapter THREE. POLICY OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES TO DEVELOP SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR 2020

Strategy 4.4. Strengthening the role of R&D sector in the national economic

system

Implementation approaches

• Develop and implement the priority areas of science-industry collaboration

in conformity with the development trends of the priority socio-economic

sectors;

• Substantially increase the contribution of research institutions in

economic renovation by improving the outcome of their activities and their

competitiveness at international level;

• Actively introduce and adopt foreign advanced technologies;

Expected outcome

• Improved capability of industrial sectors to absorb the technology; enhanced

capacity to steadily develop this technology and conform it to the global

economic technological needs.

• Developing advanced technologies will create favorable conditions to

technologically restructure the economy.

• Establishment of favorable conditions to create a “technological network”

based on advanced technology.

• Establishment of a favorable legal environment to introduce the technologies

– developed by domestic research organization – in the industrial and

service sectors;

• Expansion of science-industry collaboration due to increase in numbers of

technology SMEs;

• Creation of a system to forecast demands on and development of

technology;

• Expansion of a market for commercialization of intellectual capitals and

knowledge.

• Establishment of a system to stimulate the development of advanced

technologies and to increase the demand on innovation;

• Increase of interest and involvement of private sector in contracting,

implementing, and funding the innovation and S&T programs and projects,

and utilizing its results.

Goal 5. Enhance the effectiveness of international science and technology

cooperation

Strategy 5.1. Identify priority cooperation areas in the international and regional

S&T, involve the Mongolian researchers studying and working

abroad in the national research work, improve the capacity of

laboratories, increase the funding from foreign sources for the

preparation of young researchers

Implementation approaches

• Expand the international S&T collaboration, increase its effectiveness;

develop and implement a program to participate actively in the regional

research cooperation;

• To identify the countries and organization to collaborate on international

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020

Chapter THREE. POLICY OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES TO DEVELOP SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR 2020

S&T activities;

• Participate actively in the international and regional S&T cooperation,

effectively utilize the resources of the Mongolian researchers studying and

working abroad;

• Allocate some part of the foreign aid and loan to the Government for

preparing young researchers in order to strengthen the equipment and

laboratory supplies; enhance the specialization of young researchers on

science priority areas;

Strategy 5.2. In order to develop the S&T priority areas, create a legal

environment for the distribution of some part of the international

aids and loans, provided to the Government, to the S&T sector

Implementation approaches

• Activate the participation of domestic and international donors and

participants in the development and implementation of the S&T programs;

create a tripartite cooperation of “International donors-MECS-participants

in S&T activities”;

• Concentrate domestic and international investments in the development of

the S&T priorities;

• To implement the goals and activities of the Master plan through international

cooperation and agreement.

Expected outcomes

• Increased involvement of Mongolian scientists and researchers in

international research programs and projects.

• Creation of stimuli to attract Mongolian researchers – who study and work

in developed countries – in the participation of domestic research work;

• Enhanced activities in the adoption of advanced foreign technologies

• Increased foreign aid and support (technology, funding, human resources)

in the development of S&T priorities.

3.5. Favorable factors and potential risks

1) Favorable factors and opportunities

 Availability of intellectual and other resources and capacities in the

education and science sector;

 Inherited traditions of collaboration between S&T and higher

education;

 Increased budget revenues thanks to the stable prices of gold and

copper in global markets, and hence, favorable opportunities for

increased technology imports;

 Multinational corporations’ trends to locate production and technology

complexes in a distributed manner;

 Opportunities to improve the R&D base and to train R&D personnel,

within the framework of collaboration with foreign countries and

organizations;

 Increasing interest of producers to develop advanced technologies and

innovation infrastructure, and to engage in innovation activities;

 Intellectual potentials of Mongolian scholars and researchers working

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020

abroad.

2) Potential risks

 Decreased productivity, competitiveness, and efficiency of human

resources and increased cheap workforce imports, due to growing

number of firms that have little technology contents and limited value

addition;

 Possibility of continued weak interest among producers to commit to a

long-term business development;

 Uncertainty of the degree of commitment and preparedness of

public agencies to re-allocate and concentrate budget resources on

selected priority areas of S&T. The likelihood of this risk is high, and the

consequences will be the undelivered targets, the delays in meeting

deadlines, the increased transaction costs;

 Budget constraints due to worsened macroeconomic environment;

possible economic risks due to increased prices of export raw materials

at external markets. The risks of the possible delays and the undelivered

targets can be addressed through adjustments in management system,

re-allocation of resources in priority areas, additional mobilization of

non-budgetary funds, and adjustments in the operational approaches;

 Errors in estimation of efficiency of R&D sector operations. Its effect,

during the implementation of the Master plan and its programs, may

lead to delays, increased costs and undelivered targets. These errors

can be fixed at the operational level;

 Errors in estimation of efficiency of partnership and collaborative

initiatives of science-industry. During the implementation of the

Master plan and its programs, this could lead to delays, increased

costs and undelivered targets. In this case these errors can be fixed

at the operational level. It could also require amendments in some

legislations;

 Unfavorable international political, economic, and technological factors

(force majore risks).

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020

Chapter FOUR. FINANCIAL FRAMEWORK OF THE MASTER PLAN IMPLEMENTATION

According to projections, if science and technology activities continue to be financed

based on current trends, by 2020 the expenditures will not exceed 0.37 percent of

GDP. Under this alternative, the policy goals and activity plans of this Master plan

are almost impossible to be realized. Therefore, this option is considered as the

last resort which will be pursed under the most unfavorable economic conditions of

the country. The financial projections of the S&T Master Plan were based on S&T

sector assessment of Mongolia in conformity with two alternative options.

The projections were calculated based on the principles of developing S&T capacity

in an “intelligent” manner, increasing its positive effect on the economic growth,

and consequently establishing and developing the basis of the national innovation

system.

The budget expenditures for S&T activities amount to 49.9 billion tugrik in the first

phase, 215.2 billion tugrik in the second phase, and 630.2 billion tugrik in the third

phase. The financing for science and technology activities was estimated at 1.52

percent of GDP by 2015 and 2.37 percent of GDP by 2020. The state expenditure

on S&T is estimated at 0.92 percent of GDP by 2015 and 1.50 percent by 2020.

These figures are the minimum estimate amounts for full implementation of the

tasks and activities of the Master plan.

It is projected that the funding for the Master plan will derive from two sources.

Firstly, the funding from government budget to implement the Master plan

activities (developing the S&T and innovation priorities, creating the innovation

infrastructure, establishing and supporting small innovation enterprises) were

calculated. Secondly, it is projected to finance some activities – such as promoting

science and innovation of science and public sectors, increase the demand on

innovation in the business sector – from non-government sources.

The projected expenditures for the implementation of the Master Plan in 2007-

2020 amount to 1,786.0 billion tugrik from which 920.8 billion will be financed

from the Government budget and 865.2 billion tugrik to be financed from non-

government sources. More detailed calculations and plans of expenditures are

attached in Annex 1.

Chapter FOUR.

FINANCIAL FRAMEWORK OF THE MASTER PLAN

IMPLEMENTATION

Chapter FIVE. THE MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK OF THE MASTER PLAN IMPLEMENTATION

5.1. The management in regulating the implementation of the Master

Plan

The S&T Master Plan of Mongolia in 2007-2020 will be implemented through the

action plan coordinated with the basic policies on social and economic development

and mid-term objectives, and based on the structure and system of science,

technology, innovation and industrial sectors.

The targeted programs will closely coordinate the national science, technology and

innovation resources and capacities with the policy on developing the industrial

sector, and with the objectives and activities of the technological programs

of economic sectors. Also the capacities of the National R&D and innovation

infrastructure will be used effectively to the maximum extend.

On the other hand, the strategy and programs of economic sectors should respond

to the needs of activating the innovation, ensuring the competitiveness of national

industries in the international technology market, fully exploiting and developing

R&D capacities and resources of the country.

5.2. Distribution of duties and responsibilities

1) The role, responsibility, and leadership of the Government will be

crucial administrative and organizational factors for the implementation of the

Master Plan. The Government of Mongolia will assume the below-mentioned duties

in undertaking the Master Plan:

• To be consistent in implementing the objectives and tasks, defined by the

plan; to create a favorable policy and legal environment needed for its

performance; to provide funding support;

• The funding gaps of resources for the implementation of the Master Plan will

be financed from international resources in the framework of the National

policy coordinating the foreign aid to Mongolia.

• To ensure the coordination of the activities of Ministries in order to

implement the plan and to create a unified management and organization

arrangements at national and local levels;

• To ensure the participation of domestic and international actors in the

execution of the plan, providing leadership and coordination;

• To develop and implement the medium, short term and annual plans at a

national level. The implementation of the plan will be assessed at each stage

in collaboration with concerned parties, and reported to the Government

and all other concerned parties;

CHAPTER FIVE.

THE MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK OF THE MASTER PLAN

IMPLEMENTATION

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020

• To strengthen, in national and local level, the capacities of the S&T

administration and planning, its monitoring and assessment;

2) National Council of Science and Technology will coordinate the cross-

sectoral research and experimental works of Ministries will assume the following

duties:

• To discuss a progress reports on the implementation of the Master Plan

and develop a recommendation;

• To develop a recommendation aiming to define the ways of increasing the

efficiency of the Plan taking into account the results of its performance and

the tendencies of foreign and domestic innovation development;

• To develop a recommendation on the types of procurement in the context

of Master Plan implementation and on the necessary amount of financing;

• To discuss scientific, technological and organizational challenges in the course

of implementation of the Master Plan and to develop a recommendation on

solving those challenges;

• To develop a recommendation on determining the activities, programs,

projects, and their necessary funding which will be undertaken in the year;

• To review and assess the S&T activity reports of Science and Technology

Councils of the Ministries. The final conclusions of this report will be used by

sectoral Ministries, research institutes and the MECS to develop the plan

and to project the annual budget for the following year;

3) The Ministry of Education, Culture and Science is a coordinating

body in implementing the targeted programs. In the framework of implementing

the program, MECS will develop a system for knowledge creation, establish the

innovation infrastructure, create a legal environment for utilizing innovation and

applied researches in economic sectors. In the strategic framework of implementing

the Master Plan, MECS will assume the below mentioned duties:

• To provide standardized methodological administration of the Master Plan

implementation, to coordinate and analyze the implementation, and submit

to the Government consolidated reports of the implementation progress

and evaluation/monitoring every two years;

• To monitor the activities of the organizations implementing the tasks and

actions, reflected in the Master Plan;

• To develop draft laws needed for the implementation of the Master Plan

and submit it to the Government;

• To elaborate, approve and enforce the legal norms needed for the

implementation of this plan;

• To inform the public, through media, about the Master Plan’s implementation

progress, spending, results, and achievements.

• Assess the implementation progress of concrete activities/actions,

reflected in the Master Plan and undertake necessary actions.

• By the end implementation stage period of the Master Plan, to prepare a

detailed report on the progress, setbacks, and achievements of the planned

tasks; develop an action plan for the further stages and submit it to the

government;

• With participation of with other Ministries, the Mongolian Academy of

Sciences and business sector to identify the S&T priorities, update the list

Chapter FIVE. THE MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK OF THE MASTER PLAN IMPLEMENTATION

of core technologies, and organize and implement concrete activities;

• To create a unified information data base of government-funded science

and research works, make it publicly available;

• To evaluate the technological levels of economic sectors, to analyze the

perspectives of research and technology development with participation

of the sectoral Ministries, the Mongolian Academy of Sciences, and

professional organizations;

• To develop a proposal on the establishment of cross-sectoral working

group on the coordination of research works and technology programs of

the concerned sectors;

• To organize the establishment of innovation infrastructure through close

cooperation between the Ministries of the concerned sectors;

4) The sectoral Ministries (MoF, MoIC, MoFE, MoFA, MoE, MoH, MoCUD,

MoRTT) will organize activities related to development, implementation of policies

on the technological reformation of the sector.

The following S&T related tasks and activities will be implemented:

• Develop and implement a unified policy on S&T

• Enhance the S&T and innovation capacity of the relevant sector

• Incorporate the issues of the relevant sector in the ““Identifying and

implementing S&T priorities and key technologies of Mongolia” program

• Develop, contract, and implement S&T programs and projects within the

sector

• Evaluate and assess the performance of R&D results; support the

commercialization of R&D results

• Take necessary measures to enhance science-industry collaboration

within the sector

• Cooperate closely with research institutes, colleges and universities

5) Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ministries, agencies and state

Funds (National S&T Foundation and other national funds) supporting the science

and technological activities will participate in identifying and implementing the

research priorities and in developing the national innovation system. Also, the

Mongolian Academy of Sciences will assume the duty to coordinate the government-

financed basic researches.

5.3. Stages and terms of implementation

The objectives of the program will be implemented through three stages:

First stage 2007-2010

Second stage 2011-2015

Third stage 2016-2020

The activities and their funding are projected in conformity with the main goals.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020

Table 5.1. Activity areas

First stage

2007-2010

Second stage

2011-2015

Third stage

2016-2020

Main goal

• Develop R&D sector relying on oriented

basic research

• Increase industrial sector’s demand on

technological innovation

• Establish innovation infrastructure,

coordinate their activities

• Strengthen the role of R&D sector in the economy

• Develop and implement the targeted programs

in conformity with S&T priorities and core

technologies

• Create an effective and comprehensive innovation

system

• Provide a sustainable development of a

knowledge creating R&D sector

• Expand the framework of targeted programs

in conformity with S&T priorities and core

technologies

• Enhance the technological capacity of

industrial organizations and strengthen the

international competitiveness of domestic

high technology firms

• Ensure the sustainable development of an

effective innovation system

Approaches to guide and manage the resources

• Decrease the amount of funding for non-

priority S&T and increase the amount of

funding for strategic basic researches

• Increase the wage of scientists and

researchers

• Improve the allocation and efficiency of

government budget funding

• Concentrate the government budget

support on commercialization of innovation

project results

• Renew the base of scientific equipment and

facilities and increase the amount of investment

• Increase the government budget funding for major

research programs

• Funding research projects, implemented in

collaboration with foreign organizations in the

context of priority areas

• Increase the participation of business sector in the

co-funding the research projects of priority areas

• Increase the required budget financing for

establishing innovation production technology

infrastructure

• Increase the necessary amount of funding for

the implementation of large-scale technology

programs. Decrease the amount of

government funding and increase the funding

amount of non-government sources

• Increase the amount of budget expenditure

in creating major elements of S&T

infrastructure

• Enhance the role and participation of S&T

specialized funds in the financing of R&D

sector; Increase the research funding for

joint international research programs with

the assistance of foreign S&T foundations

• Increase the investment private enterprises

in the science and innovation sector

• Increase the role of private enterprises in the

development of innovation infrastructure

Chapter FIVE. THE MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK OF THE MASTER PLAN IMPLEMENTATION

Measures to be undertaken

Increase the efficiency of R&D activities

• Establish a system of identifying and implementing

the R&D priorities. Ensure the participation of

science, industry, and government sectors in

identifying the priorities

• Conduct the reevaluation of properties of the

research institutes

• Provide legal framework for ensuring the continuity

of the functions of research institutes, following the

privatization

• Establish a system of National research center and

laboratory; create the conditions for organizing its

activities

• Assess the competitive level and development

trends of S&T

• Create a monitoring and evaluation system of the

activities of research institutions

Increase the volume of capacity building of

research institutions and commercialize the

results of intellectual activities

• Improve the system of legal protection of S&T

results

• Create favorable environment to transfer the

intellectual property ownership rights, created by

government funding, to the research institutes and

innovation firms

• Support the research institutes and universities in

patenting the research results

• Provide financial support from the government in

commercializing research results

Create favorable conditions for government

and business sector cooperation in the field of

innovation

• Provide government support for creating a long-

term demand on innovation in the production

sector

• Develop and implement 3-4 large-scale

targeted programs in the field of technology

Support and stimulate the funding from

business enterprises in R&D activities,

and support the outsourcing of R&D and

technologies within a firm

• Provide financial support from the Government in

conducting joint research by research institutes,

universities and business sector

• Concretize the conditions and requirements of

government-financed R&D performed by private

firms

Create favorable environment and interests for

the investment in R&D

• Ensure a constant increase in the government

budget for the program of the Master Plan

• Constantly increase the expenditures needed for

renewal of equipments for research works

• Create a training-research centers and

“Research University” by intensifying the

science-education collaboration

Improve the cooperation between

government and business sectors in

the field of science and innovation

• Create a system, where the business

sector is funding strategic researches

of significant social impact

• Enhance the involvement of private

sector in the activities of S&T funds

• Expand the participation of private

sector in the development of innovation

infrastructure

Commercialization of advanced

technologies

• Create new conditions for making R&D

an integral part of the economy

• Implement major cross-sectoral

economic and scientific projects,

commercialize their results in order to

reach a new technological level

• Implement major S&T action projects

at the national research centers

Increase the amount of foreign and

domestic investments in the R&D

• Restructure some research institutes,

without changing the profile of the

research, in order to attract foreign

investment

• Provide support in establishment of

science-production complexes

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020

Measures to be undertaken

Develop the cooperation between scientific and

education institutions, support and train young

researchers

• Develop a program to support and train young

researchers

• Provide research grants for young researchers

• Support the practice of students at the research

institutes and their participation in research

projects

• Create and develop research and training centers

at universities

Support technological renovation in industrial

sectors

• Support the dissemination and propagation of

progressive experiences of the organizations with

active innovation activities

• Actively support the participation and involvement in

the international technological activities

Participate in the regional and international R&D

• Intensify the science and technological cooperation

with the countries of the region; create joint

research centers

• Interrelate the R&D activities with the international

programs and projects, implemented at regional

level

• Provide Government funding for the priority research

project implemented jointly with foreign countries

Support the creation of Center of Excellence in the

field of science and technology

• Create National research centers and network of

laboratories in the priority sectors and fields

• Create advanced industrial technologies in the

National research center, laboratories, and

“Research Universities”; create Center of Excellence

the main goal of which is to disseminate these

technologies in economic sectors

Develop financial and production-technology

infrastructure of innovation

• Create a venture fund in order to support the

innovation activities

• Support the major research institutes and

universities in the creation of the business incubator

and technological parks

• State assistance in the creation of technology

diffusion zones

• Support the creation innovation clusters in the

regional level

Increase the amount of foreign and

domestic investments in the R&D

• Restructure some research

institutes, without changing the

profile of the research, in order to

attract foreign investment

• Provide support in establishment of

science-production complexes

Develop the science infrastructure

• Establish the major elements of

science infrastructure, support the

creation on this basis scientific and

innovation clusters

• Create specialized funds supporting

the scientific and technological

activities

Develop a market of intellectual

production and high technology

• In order to increase the

commercialization of government-

financed research results, support

the transfer of rights and utilization

of intellectual properties

• Stimulate the capacity building

of the intellectual properties of

research institutes

• Develop the system of “High

technology market”

Chapter FIVE. THE MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK OF THE MASTER PLAN IMPLEMENTATION

The targeted programs will be developed based on the following factors and

conditions:

1) The preconditions of developing and implementing new technological

targeted programs are as follows:

1. Be able to compete at international market

2. Have the capacity to develop the necessary technological and workforce

resources

3. Have a widespread framework and amplitude of the cooperation between

state and business institutions; assured commitment of private sector to

participate in the implementation of the programs.

2) The following five principles are required in the development of the

cross-sectoral targeted programs:

1. The themes of the Program will aim at implementing the technological

solutions, developed in the country.

2. The program will aim at using R&D results to produce advanced technologies,

commercialize and penetrate them in economic sectors; at the same time,

the opportunities to use foreign technologies shall be limitless.

3. The program will be implemented by cooperation between state and

business sectors; most of the funding in high technology production and

services will be invested by business sector.

4. The management of the program should be flexible in promptly using new

science findings and technological solutions.

5. The outcome of the program should manifest by its sustainability and

capacity for further development; in other words, the positive outcome and

effects in the course of the implementation of the program should continue

even after its completion.

The tasks, identified in the Master Plan, will be implemented within the framework

of the National and sector targeted programs.

Table 5.2. Targeted programs to be implemented in the first stage of the Master plan

Targeted programs Content Framework Launch

1. “Identifying and

implementing S&T priorities

and key technologies of

Mongolia” program

Create a system of

identifying and implementing

the priorities and key

technologies through

discussion and participation of

specialists, researchers and

businessmen and decision-

makers

National 2007

2. “National innovation

system development”

program

Establishing the basis of

effective national innovation

system that responds to

distinctive characteristics of

Mongolia

National 2007

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020

3. “Enhancing S&T

information, monitoring,

and evaluation system”

program

Creating an information

system that can provide the

necessary information in the

of policy development and

decision-making process

in the field of science and

technology

Cross-

sectoral

2008

4.”Development of

advanced technology in

Mongolia” program

Developing advanced

technologies targeted at:

improving the research

capacity; responding to

the multifaceted needs of

the industry, population;

facilitating the sustainable

development of the country;

creating favorable conditions

of good living, increasing the

export

National 2007

5. “Training and supporting

young researchers”

program

Within the framework of

priority directions prepare

young generation of the

science; improve the

conditions and environment of

their work and life

National

2007

6. “Supporting university

R&D” program

Develop the University

centered science, enhance

the contribution of students,

scientists and professors of

the University in the social

development by strengthening

the alliance of training-

science-production

Sectoral 2007

Chapter FIVE. THE MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK OF THE MASTER PLAN IMPLEMENTATION

6.1. General guiding concepts in monitoring and evaluating the Master

plan

There are following guiding concepts in monitoring and evaluating the implementation

process of the Master plan:

• Providing integrated information database during the implementation of

activities to accomplish the objectives of the Master plan

• Outlining the responsibilities of participants (Ministries, research institutes,

universities, private enterprises, and other agencies and unions) in the

implementation of National and sectoral targeted programs

• Making decisions based on evaluations of independent experts.

6.2. Stages of monitoring and evaluation, and the responsible

organizations

During the monitoring and evaluation stages, Ministry of Education, Culture and

Science – with the participation of sectoral stakeholders – will assume the following

responsibilities:

• Setting appropriate indicators to monitor, evaluate, and assess the

implementation of the Master plan

• Establishing an information database, and gathering and inputting new

information data according to the S&T statistical system

• Making policy evaluations and assessments

• Developing a progress report on the Master plan implementation, submitting

it to the Government, and ensuring its accessibility to the public

The implementation progress of targeted programs of the Master plan will be

monitored and evaluated in accordance with the predetermined evaluation

indicators, each of which varies in goals, objectives, activities, and timeframes.

In the last year of each implementation stage, overall evaluation and assessment

will be conducted on the achievement of objectives and activities.

In May of each year, the Ministry of Education, Culture, and Science will submit

to the Government the results of the evaluation and assessment, together with

the proposal for further actions. The report should emphasize the achievement

of Master plan’s goals, objectives, final output within the intended timeframe and

funds, and the efficiency of used funds.

Chapter SIX.

MONITORING AND EVALUATION

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020

Output indicators

The following are the main indicators to evaluate the implementation of the Master

plan. During the monitoring and evaluation stage, the Ministry of Education, Culture,

and Science – in collaboration with other relevant organizations and stakeholders

– can select from the list of indicators listed in the Annex 3.

Table 6.1. Output indicators

Indicators 2007 2010 2015 2020

I. R&D funding and expenditure: (%, 2006 prices)

1. GERD as a percentage of GDP 0.539 0.854 1.523 2.374

Government expenditure on R&D as a

percentage of GDP

0.502 0.690 0.920 0.949

Non-government expenditure on R&D as

a percentage of GDP

0.038 0.164 0.603 1.424

Higher education expenditure on R&D as a

percentage of GDP

0.108 0.190 0.398 0.712

Percentage of GERD financed by

government

93.00 80.77 60.39 40.00

Percentage of GERD financed by non-

government sources

7.00 19.23 39.61 60.00

Expenditure on basic and applied

researches as a percentage of GERD

89.00 81.17 68.09 55.00

Expenditure on experimental development

as a percentage of GERD

11.00 18.83 31.91 45.00

Gross domestic expenditure on technology

and engineering researches, billion ¥

0.000 0.236 4.771 37.092

10.

Gross domestic expenditure on high

technology R&D, billion ¥

0.0 0.575 7.225 32.264

11.

Gross domestic expenditure on high

technology R&D financed by government,

billion ¥

0.0 0.053 1.5 9.677

12.

Total researchers per thousand total

employment

2.68 2.92 3.44 4.0

13.

Total private sector researchers per

thoussand employment

0.134 0.244 0.383 0.6

14.

Total industry researchers per thousand

total employment

4.67 5.06 5.87 6.72

15.

Total researchers with PhDs as a

percentage of total researchers

20 25.8 35.4 45

16.

Total researchers under the age of 40 as

a percentage of total researchers

24 26.5 30.8 35

17.

Total research institutes with internet

connections as a percentage of total

research institutes

80 90 100 100

18.

Percentage of research equipment

renovation (compared to 2006)

1.2 1.8 3.1 10.5

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I. Legal documents related to S&T of Mongolia

1. Government policy on S&T (1998)

2. S&T law (1998)

3. Law on technology transfer (1998)

4. Patent law (1993)

5. Copyright law (1993)

6. Law on Legal Status of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences (1996)

7. Government resolution number 31 (1997)

8. Government resolution number 162 (1998)

9. Government resolution number 138 (1999)

10. Rules and Regulations of National Council of S&T (1997)

11. Prime Minister Decree on approval of the composition of the National

Council (1997)

12. Rules and regulations on establishing a research institute

13. Rules and Regulations of S&T corporations

14. Rules and regulation to administer S&T projects

15. Rules and regulation on submitting research report

16. Ministry of Science, Technology, Education, Culture policy on technology

17. General rules and regulations on technology level evaluation

18. General guidelines on technology level evaluation

19. Indicators to monitor the activities of higher education organizations and

research institutes

20. Manuals to evaluate research institutes’ activities and rank them

21. Rules and regulations of National S&T Foundation

22. National S&T Foundation rules and regulation on distribution and

expenditure of funds

23. Rules and regulations on conducting basic research

24. Rules and regulations to set criteria on calculating the value of intellectual

properties

25. Rules and regulations to awarding ScD degree

26. Bylaw of the Council to award ScD

27. Rules and regulation of Mongolian Academy of Sciences

28. Bylaw of the Small Congress of the Mongolian Academy of Science

29. Rules and regulations of research institutes under the Mongolian Academy

of Sciences

BIBLIOGRAPHY

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020

30. National S&T development program - 2010

II. Master plans and programs of other sectors

1. Education Master plan (1993)

2. Education Master plan (draft) (2006)

3. Strategies on Education development for the period 2000-2005 (2000)

4. Medical sector Master plan (2005)

5. National program on protection of biological diversities, UB (1996)

6. Export production support program, UB (1998)

7. Minerals Program. UB (1998)

8. National food supply and security program

9. Biotechnology development sub-program (1997)

III. Previous reports on S&T sector

1. Ben-Dak, J., Zilinskas, R., Baker, S. and Kurbiel, L. (1994). Mongolia

Formulation of Technology Transfer and Adaptation Policy. Mission report

for the United Nationay Development Programme (UNDP).

2. Dr. Losh recommendations (1999)

3. Turpin, T. (2004). Toward a Master Plan for Science and Technology

in Mongolia. Report on expert mission prepared for UNESCO and the

Mongolian Ministry of Science, Technology, Education and Culture.

IV. S&T development documents of other countries and organizations

1. Budapest Declaration (1999)

2. Millennium development goals (2000)

3. S&T basic plan, Japan (1996, 2002)

4. National science and technology plan of Philippines (2002)

5. Maldives S&T Master plan (2001)

6. Assessment of the Estonian Research Development Technology and

Innovation Funding System (2002)

7. Methodology to define, review, and implement the priorities of S&T in

Russia (2006)

8. Strategy of the Russian Federation to develop science and innovation for

the period to 2010 (2005)

V. National development policy documents

1. Constitution of Mongolia, UB (1992)

2. National Security Policy. Cabinet decree No. 56. “Government news”

journal (1994) ¹9

3. National policy on foreign affairs. UB (1994)

4. National development policy. Cabinet decree No. 26 (March 3, 1996)Cabinet decree No. 26 (March 3, 1996)

5. Mongolian Sustainable Growth Program in XXI century, UB (1999)XXI century, UB (1999)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

6. Mongolian Regional Development policy. “Government news” journal

(2001) ¹28(215).¹28(215).

7. “Medium-term development strategies of Mongolian regions – 2010,”

Book on regional regulation and planning, UB (2003) Pages 51-120.

8. “Establishing and prioritizing production and technology parks” CabinetCabinet

decree No. 54 (2003) (2003)

9. Information, communication, technology development concepts for the

period to 2010

10. Medium-term socio-economic development strategies for the period

1999-2002 (1999)

11. Government policy document on “Human security program,” UB (2001)

12. Mongolian Sustainable Growth concepts (draft), UB (2002)

13. Supporting economic growth in Mongolia, Poverty Reduction Strategy

documents, UB (2003)

14. Millennium project report of Mongolia, UB (2003)

15. National development program of Mongolia, UB (2003)

16. Government policy on rural development (draft), UB (2003)

VI. Publications on policy development

1. Mongolian statistical yearbook-2000. National statistical office of

Mongolia, UB (2001)

2. Mongolian statistical yearbook-2001. National statistical office of

Mongolia, UB (2002)

3. Mongolian statistical yearbook-2002. National statistical office of

Mongolia, UB (2003)

4. Information sheet on socio-economic situation of Mongolia. National

statistical office of Mongolia, UB (2002)

5. Information sheet on socio-economic situation of Mongolia. National

statistical office of Mongolia, UB (2003)

6. Mongolian population in XX century. National statistical office of Mongolia,

UB (2002)

7. Mongolian development strategies (theoretical and practical trends).

Series I-V. Mongolian development research center. UB (1998-1999)

8. Sustainable development: World documents. UB (2002)

9. Mongolian development trends and viewpoints of political parties.

Discussion with political parties, ¹1. UB (2002)

10. Mongolia, and foreign aids and loans. Discussion with political parties, ¹2.

UB (2002)

11. Current situation and future trends of foreign investment in Mongolia.

Discussion with political parties, ¹3. UB (2002)

12. Essence of Mongolian development in XXI century. UB (2002)

13. Research on Mongolian development, 2002 (1). Institute of National

Development, UB (2002)

14. Research on Mongolian development, 2003 (1). Institute of National

Development, UB (2003)

15. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP, 2004). Human

Development Report (2004)

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020

16. Regional Development and Planning for the 21st century. UK (1998)

17. World Development Indicators-2001. World Bank (2002)

18. Methodology on developing National development program of Mongolia,

UB (2003)

VII. Other

1. Business enterprises’ annual reports (2003 and 2004)

• Altan Taria Co. Ltd

• APU Corporation

• Buyan Co. Ltd

• Darhan Steel Factory

• Erdenet Mining Corporation

• Gobi Corporation

• Golomt Bank

• MCS Group

• 3rd Energy station

2. Ministry of Education, Culture and Science Statistical Report (1995-

2004)

3. FIFTA Statistics on FDI

4. World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Statistics, WIPO (1990-

2004)

5. “Canberra Manual.” OECD, Paris (1995)

6. A report of a UNESCO expert to assist in the development of S&T Master

plan of Mongolia. Miltos Ladikas (2005)

7. Office of Balance of payments, Bank of Mongolia. Statistics on Balance of

payments

8. The World Factbook 2005 http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/

factbook/index.html

9. Turpin, T. (2004). Toward a Master Plan for Science and Technology

in Mongolia. Report on expert mission prepared for UNESCO and the

Mongolian Ministry of Science, Technology, Education and Culture.

10. National S&T Foundation (NSTF), NSTF annual statistics report (1995-

2004)

11. European Commission, OECD, OSLO Manual: The Measurement of

Scientific and Technological Activities (1997)

12. National Science Foundation, Science and Engineering Indicators (2002)

13. OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development), OECD

Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard (2001, 2003)

14. OECD (2002), Frascatti Manual: Proposed Standard Practice For Surveys

on Research and Experimental Development

15. OECD, Patent Manual (2004): Using Patent Data as Science and

Technology Indicators

ANNEX 1. Funding requirements and projections for Master plan

Mongolian economy indicator projections until 2020 (medium scenario)

2006* 2007* 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

GDP (billion

current tugrik)

1930.0 2268.5 2755.9 3179.6 3751.4 4409.6 6253.9 7092.3 7977.3 9497.1 11043.6 13185.9 15527.2 17369.2 20222.1

GDP, 1995 prices

(billion tugrik)

856.8 957.1 1107.3 1217.0 1367.9 1532.0 2069.8 2235.3 2394.1 2714.9 3035.2 3484.4 3944.4 4244.1 4749.2

Resident

population

(thousand)

2609.0 2645.5 2679.9 2714.7 2750.0 2785.8 2822.0 2855.8 2890.1 2924.8 2959.9 2995.4 3031.4 3067.7 3104.5

Population

growth (%)

1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2

Exchange

currency (year

average)

1263.4 1295.5 1327.9 1361.1 1395.1 1423.0 1451.4 1480.5 1510.1 1540.3 1571.1 1602.5 1634.6 1667.3 1700.6

GPD per capita

(current U$)

585.5 661.9 774.4 860.5 977.8 1112.4 1526.9 1677.5 1827.8 2108.1 2374.8 2747.0 3133.6 3395.9 3830.3

Growth

percentage

8.0 13.0 17.0 11.1 13.6 13.8 37.3 9.9 9.0 15.3 12.7 15.7 14.1 8.4 12.8

GDP per capita

(thousand tugrik)

739.8 857.5 1028.3 1171.2 1364.1 1582.9 2216.1 2483.5 2760.2 3247.1 3731.1 4402.0 5122.1 5662.0 6513.8

Growth

percentage

11.1 15.9 19.9 13.9 16.5 16.0 40.0 12.1 11.1 17.6 14.9 18.0 16.4 10.5 15.0

Real economic

growth

7.2 11.7 15.7 9.9 12.4 12.0 35.1 8.0 7.1 13.4 11.8 14.8 13.2 7.6 11.9

ANNEX 1. Funding requirements and projections for Master plan

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020

S&T sector funding and expenditure projections

¹ Indicators 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

GERD, 2000

prices (million

tugrik)

6997.3 11036.1 17029.4 23736.0 33094.4 45082.3 73734.8 94083.4 118082.5 156005.9 199950.1 261827.7 336462.4 408846.0

GERD as a

percentage of

GDP

0.539 0.637 0.742 0.854 0.973 1.1 1.234 1.375 1.523 1.679 1.841 2.012 2.189 2.374

Government

expenditure

on R&D as a

percentage of

GDP

0.502 0.566 0.629 0.69 0.746 0.799 0.846 0.886 0.92 0.945 0.962 0.969 0.965 0.949

Non-

government

expenditure

on R&D as a

percentage of

GDP

0.038 0.071 0.112 0.164 0.227 0.301 0.388 0.489 0.603 0.733 0.88 1.043 1.224 1.424

GERD per capita

(million tugrik)

3935.6 5392.1 7530.8 9872.9 13105.3 17185.2 27014.99 33735.11 41540.2 53860.0 67892.3 87498.2 110792.0 132794.4

Expenditure on

basic research

as a percentage

of GERD

37.993 36.839 35.685 34.532 33.378 32.224 31.07 29.916 28.762 27.609 26.455 25.301 24.147 22.993

Expenditure on

applied research

as a percentage

of GERD

51.019 49.558 48.096 46.635 45.173 43.712 42.25 40.788 39.327 37.865 36.404 34.942 33.481 32.019

Expenditure on

experimental

development as

a percentage of

GERD

10.988 13.603 16.218 18.834 21.449 24.065 26.68 29.295 31.911 34.526 37.141 39.757 42.372 44.988

ANNEX 2. Targeted programs of the Master plan

1. “Identifying and implementing S&T priorities and key technologies

of Mongolia” program

Rationale

Identification of &T priorities and key technologies is one of the main factors for

Mongolian economic growth, research development of high-technology sectors,

and efficiency of government expenditure on R&D.

Setting a list of S&T priorities and key technologies – and periodically review and

update that list – based on mid-term objectives of socio-economic development

of Mongolia is an imperative aspect of S&T policy. The purpose of this program is to

regularly implement this activity on the scientific basis.

In order to facilitate an industry – and consequently the economy – growth, Australia

has been using an approach called Action Agenda with a great success. The

concept of this approach is a Strategic Industry Leaders Group (SILG) comprised of

the industry stakeholders (businessmen, policy-makers, and scientists) identifies

the priority actions that the industry itself will take to realize its full potential.

Goal

Identification and implementation of S&T priorities and key technologies with the

participation of scientists, businessmen and policy-makers

Program activities

 Establish a mechanism to set priorities and identify key technologies, and

implement them

 Develop the guidelines of actions of a SILG

 Select priority two or three industries with highest growth potentials for which

an Action Agenda is proposed, and select the SILG for each industry

 Initiate the SILG activities; there will be following requirements in setting

priorities and key technologies:

1) The priorities and key technologies will be able to achieve several

national development goals, and/or will be aimed at sustainable growth

of a particular industry

2) Be able to play a main role in reaching socio-economic and S&T

objectives

3) The priorities and key technologies will be feasible to implement and to

positively impact on the development of S&T and other sectors, and to

improve cross-sectoral communications

4) Set priorities that can propel international cooperation and attract

foreign investments

 Implementing the Action Agendas

Impact

 Comprehensive and feasible plan of S&T priorities and key technologies

implementation

ANNEX 2. Targeted programs of the Master plan

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020

 Improved science-industry-government collaboration

 Growth in industry production and productivity

 Increase of funding sources for R&D

 Establishment of a mechanism of effective and efficient use of resources

 Increase in commercialization of R&D results

Program profile

1. Program title Identifying S&T priorities and key technologies of Mongolia

2. Legal rationale

Government policy on S&T, articles 2.1.5 and 3.6 (1998)

S&T law, articles 8.3.2 and 8.3.3 (1998)

3. Contractor Ministry of Education, Culture and Science

4. Challenges to address

• Unclear priorities and methods to set and implement

priorities and key technologies

• Unclear purpose of technologies

• Inefficient use of scarce resources

• Lack of common goals among industry stakeholders

5. Program goal

Identification and implementation of S&T priorities and key

technologies with the participation of scientists, businessmen

and policy-makers.

6. Timeframe and stages

of implementation

Stage I: 2007-2008

Stage II: 2009-2011

Stage III: 2012-2014

7. Program activities

• Establish a mechanism to set priorities and identify key

technologies, and implement them

• Develop the guidelines of actions of a SILG

• Select priority two or three industries with highest growth

potentials for which an Action Agenda is proposed, and

select the SILG for each industry

• Initiate the SILG activities

• Implementing the Action Agendas

8. Impact

• Comprehensive and feasible plan of S&T priorities and key

technologies implementation

• Improved science-industry-government collaboration

• Growth in industry production and productivity

• Increase of funding sources for R&D

• Establishment of a mechanism of effective and efficient use

of resources

• Increase in commercialization of R&D results

9. The entity responsible

for implementation

Ministry of Education, Culture and Science, and other

ministries

Mongolian Academy of Sciences

Research institutes and universities

Business enterprises

2. National innovation system (NIS) development program

Rationale

In modern world, it is evident that the key to successful development of an economy

is to develop an innovation policy that meets the economy’s needs and unique

characteristics.

Currently, Mongolian government has no regulation on innovation policy, therefore,

national innovation system of our country has not been established to the full extent.

Therefore, immediate initiation of innovation system development is crucial for our

economy and other social sectors.

Goal

To establish the basis of national innovation system development

Activity directions

 Review and evaluate current innovation system of Mongolia

 Link the policy goals, strategies, and actions of the innovation system

with the National Development Goals

 Develop an implementation and management plan and funding

projections of the program

 Develop and implement the legal documents necessary for innovation

system development

The purpose of these documents is to coordinate innovation activities, identify the

role and responsibilities of stakeholders in innovation activities, administer the

activities and funds, and enhance the Government’s role in innovation activities,

which will address the following directions:

 The goals and objectives of government policy on innovation

 Guiding principles of government policy innovation

 Means of government support on innovation

 Types of innovation activities

 Government contract to establish innovation

 Innovation activity funding source

 Innovation programs

 The role of government organizations and agencies in the implementation

of government policy on innovation

 Participants of innovation activity

 International cooperation on innovation activity

Impact

 Establishment of favorable legal environment and organized

infrastructure of innovation system

 Development of market relations (1) in use of intellectual resources, (2)

innovation assets, (3) innovation products, (4) services supporting the

innovation;

 Establishment of multiple forms and mechanisms of government funding

for innovation activities

 Creation of advanced-technology-based clusters as the result of

ANNEX 2. Targeted programs of the Master plan

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020

enhanced research institute-industry collaboration

Program profile

1. Program title National innovation system (NIS) development program

2. Legal rationale

 S&T development national program – 2010 (2000)

 Assessment on S&T sector of Mongolia (2006)

3. Contractor Ministry of Education, Culture and Science

4. Challenges to be

addressed

 Establish legal environment of innovation system, national

innovation law

 Setting NIS indicators

 Setting innovation priorities

5. Program goal To establish the basis of national innovation system development

6. Timeframe

and stages of

implementation

Stage I: 2007-2010

Stage II: 2011-2015

Stage III: 2016-2020

7. Activity

directions

 Evaluate and measure current innovation system of Mongolia

 Linking the policy goals, strategies, and actions of the innovation

system with the National Development Goals

 Developing an implementation and management plan and

funding projections of the program

 Developing and implementing the legal documents necessary for

innovation system development

8. Impact

 Establishment of favorable legal environment and organized

infrastructure of innovation system

 Development of market relations (1) in use of intellectual

resources, (2) innovation assets, (3) innovation products, (4)

services supporting the innovation;

 Establishment of multiple forms and mechanisms of government

funding for innovation activities

 Creation of advanced-technology-based clusters as the result of

enhanced research institute-industry collaboration

9. The entity

responsible for

implementation

3. “Enhancing S&T information, monitoring and evaluation

system” program

Rationale

Continuous evaluation of S&T capacity plays a significant role in accurately

identifying S&T policy and strategies, developing those strategies by interrelating

them with socio-economic objectives.

To evaluate sector activities and its socio-economic impact, and to disseminate

information on R&D results, it is essential to adopt a S&T information, monitoring

and evaluation system that meets criteria for international classifications and

standards.

During the assessment of the S&T sector, following issues emerged regarding the

statistics, indicators, and monitoring the policy implementation:

• Lack of S&T statistics and indicators

• Absence of integrated information network of government financed

research projects

• Lack of accurate and essential information on S&T sector

• Insufficient accessibility of information on research results to industry and

other users

• Lack of surveys on public awareness on S&T role and purpose

Goal

Establishing an integrated system of S&T and innovation information, statistics,

monitoring and evaluation that can be useful for decision-makers, researchers,

and public, according to international classifications and standards

Activity directions

Collecting and integrating S&T information and statistics according to international

classifications and standards: Current S&T information and statistics, and

indicators to make prognosis of future trends will be collected and stored at the S&T

Information network according to OECD standards. This integrated information

network will be part of the National S&T statistics.

Online S&T information service will contain the information on S&T human

resource, projects and programs and facilities. These searchable databases will be

accessible to government agencies, research institutes and centers, universities,

industry and public institutions. This online service includes, but not limited to:

Human resources; Directory of S&T organizations; S&T facilities and equipment;

S&T projects and programs, and their results; Information on technology transfer

and commercialization; Database of Mongolian researchers’ publications, articles

and citations.

Collecting and integrating innovation statistics and data, and setting appropriate

indicators according to international standards: Developing indicators related to

industry innovation level, innovation product export, and innovation technology

transfer is necessary. The information system of these statistics requires

continuous update and modification.

ANNEX 2. Targeted programs of the Master plan

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020

Impact

• Become the main source of information and statistics to support public

S&T policy development and prioritization of S&T activities

• Provide effective information service based on customers requirement; link

information sources with users; popularization of S&T activities

• Operate as a link between stakeholders in S&T sector; consequently

enhancing the quality and efficiency of S&T activities

• Establishment of effective monitoring and evaluation system

• Ability to monitor and evaluate policy, projects and programs, R&D, research

organization

• Ability to project the efficient use of funds. Projecting the funds needed for

development of venture fund

• Gathering information and statistics during the development of key

technologies

Program profile

1. Program title Enhancing S&T information, monitoring and evaluation

2. Legal rationale

• Government policy on S&T, article 3.8 and 7.5, 1998

• S&T law, article 7.1.4, 1998

• Assessment of the S&T sector of Mongolia, 2006

3. Contractor Ministry of Education, Culture and Science

4. Critical issues

• Lack of S&T statistics and indicators

• Absence of integrated information network of government

financed research projects

• Lack of accurate and essential information on S&T sector

• Insufficient accessibility of information on research results to

industry and other users

• Lack of surveys on public awareness on S&T role and purpose

5. Program goal

Establishing an integrated system of S&T and innovation information,

statistics, monitoring and evaluation that can useful for decision-

makers, researchers, and public, according to international

classifications and standards.

6. Timeframe

and stages of

implementation

Stage I: 2008-2010

Stage II: 2011-2015

Stage III: 2016-2020

7. Activity

directions

• Gathering and integrating S&T information and statistics

according to international classifications and standards

• Online S&T information service

• Improving innovation statistics

8. Impact

• Become the main source of information and statistics to support

public S&T policy development and prioritization of S&T activities

• Provide effective information service based on customers

requirement; link information sources with users; popularization

of S&T activities

• Operate as a link between stakeholders in S&T sector;

consequently enhancing the quality and efficiency of S&T

activities

• Establishment of effective monitoring and evaluation system

• Ability to monitor and evaluate policy, projects and programs,

R&D, research organization

• Ability to project the efficient use of funds. Projecting the funds

needed for development of venture fund

• Gathering information and statistics during the development of

key technologies

9. The entity

responsible for

implementation

Ministry of Education, Culture and Science

Mongolian Academy of Sciences

National S&T Foundation

ANNEX 2. Targeted programs of the Master plan

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020

4. “Development of advanced technology in Mongolia” program

Rationale

Advanced technology is a modern technology (nanotechnology, biotechnology, ICT,

airspace technology, automated robotic technology, etc.) that is at the juncture of

various science fields such as physics, chemistry, molecular biology, electronics,

and others.

Advanced technology requires a large amount of initial investment. Experiences

of other countries reveal that successful development of advanced technologies

requires many factors such as cross-sectoral coordination, length of R&D process,

and sustainable commitment from government.

One of the ways to address the issue of obsolete technologies is through support to

the development of advanced technologies.

Goal

To improve the level of production and service technologies by introducing and

utilizing foreign technologies, and by adopting international technology inventions

Program activities

 Establish a favorable policy and legal environment for developing advanced

technologies

 Improve the R&D equipment and laboratory level of research organizations.

Consequently, integrating top research centers and institutes into Center

of Excellence, in the areas of biotechnology, nanotechnology, and ICT.

 Create new national laboratories with advanced technologies

 Train S&T personnel to operate in advanced technologies

 Conduct research projects in the areas of nanotechnology, biotechnology,

telecommunication, and electronics

 Supporting the production of advanced technologies

Impact

 Establishment of National capacity to develop advanced technologies

 Development of advanced production technologies in medical, agriculture,

industry sectors

Program profile

1. Program title Development of advanced technology in Mongolia

2. Legal rationale

Government policy on S&T (1998)

Order No. 248, 2005 of the Minister of Education, Culture and

Science

3. Contractor Minister of Education, Culture and Science

4. Challenges to be

addressed

• Obsoleteness technologies

• National capacity to develop advanced technologies

• Low numbers of produced technologies by industry

5. Program goals and

objectives

Improving the level of production and service technologies by

introducing and utilizing foreign technologies, and by adopting

technology inventions from abroad.

• Providing laboratories and equipment necessary for conducting

research on advanced technologies

• Creating a capacity of research on advanced technologies

• Creation of advanced technology production

6. Timeframe

and stages of

implementation

• 2007-2010

• 2011-2015

• 2016-2020

7. Program activities

• Establishing a favorable policy and legal environment for

developing advanced technologies

• Improving the R&D equipment and laboratory level of research

organizations. Consequently, integrating top research centers

and institutes into Center of Excellence, in the areas of

biotechnology, nanotechnology, and ICT.

• Creation of new national laboratories with advanced

technologies

• Training S&T personnel to operate in advanced technologies

• Conducting research projects in the areas of nanotechnology,

biotechnology, telecommunication, and electronics

• Supporting the production of advanced technologies

8. Impact and output

indicators

• Establishment of National capacity to develop advanced

technologies

• Formation of advanced production technologies in medical,

agriculture, industry sectors

Indicators:

 20% of education program in higher education to consist of

advanced technology subjects (by 2011)

 30% of government scholarships to foreign universities to be

granted on subjects related to key technologies of Mongolia

(by 2011)

 10% of researchers working on advanced technologies to

consist of researcher under the age of 40 (2007-2009)

 30% of researchers working on advanced technologies to

consist of researcher under the age of 40 (2007-2009)

 50% of researchers working on advanced technologies to

consist of researcher under the age of 40 (2007-2009)

ANNEX 2. Targeted programs of the Master plan

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020

9. The program

implementing

institutions

Ministry of Education, Culture and Science

Ministry of Industry and Commerce

ICT Agency

Mongolian Academy of Sciences

Research institutes and universities

5. “Training and supporting young researchers” program

Rationale

The proportion of young researchers in the sector has been declining each year,

whereas, the proportion of elder scientists has been increasing. One of the major

factors to improve the quality, competitive level, and efficiency of R&D is the

strengthening S&T sector by young skilled researchers.

Goal

Increasing the supply of S&T workforce by intensifying the training of 500 young

skilled researchers in the near future

Main activities

• Grant the necessary funding for doctorate research work to top young

scientists

• Grant the necessary funding for post-doctorate research work to top young

scientists

• Award grants and scholarships to support master’s and doctorate’s

research work (domestic, abroad)

• Rank and assess the skill level of young and middle aged researchers

• Establish a flexible and effective management in the “Supporting the training

of young researchers” program

• Adopt a productive R&D system

• Increase opportunities for young scientists to improve qualifications and

encourage the building of a social image

• Address pay and social welfare issues of young scientists.

Expected outputs

• Improved level of skills of young researchers

• Increased role of young researchers in R&D sector and its priority areas

• Creation of a mechanism to address the pay and related social welfare

issues of young researchers

Program profile

1. Program title Training and supporting young researchers

2. Legal rationale

Government policy on S&T (1998)

S&T law (2006)

3. Contractor Ministry of Education, Culture and Science

4. Critical issues to be

addressed

S&T human resources supply

Quality level of R&D

Stimulating the interest young generations in the field of

science

5. Program goal

Increasing the supply of S&T workforce by intensifying the

training of 500 young skilled researchers in the near future

6. Timeframe and stages

of implementation

Stage I: 2007-2010

Stage II: 2011-2015

Stage III: 2016-2020

7. Main activities

• Granting the necessary funding for doctorate research

work to top young scientists

• Granting the necessary funding for post-doctorate

research work to top young scientists

• Awarding grants to support master’s and doctorate’s

research work (domestic, abroad)

• Ranking the skill level of young and middle aged

researchers

• Establish a flexible and effective management in the

“Supporting the training of young researchers” program

• Adopting a productive R&D system

• Providing opportunities for young scientists to improve

their levels of skills and occupation

• Dealing with incomes, benefits, and other social issues of

young researchers

8. Expected outputs and

indicators

• Improved level of skills of young researchers

• Increased role of young researchers in R&D sector and its

priority areas

• Creation of a mechanism to address the pay and related

social welfare issues of young researchers

Indicators:

Increase in proportion of researchers of ages 35-40

Increase in salary of young researchers

Increased number of R&D projects

Increased number of young researchers trained abroad

9. The entity responsible

for implementation

Ministry of Education, Culture and Science

Mongolian Academy of Sciences

Universities and other research organizations

ANNEX 2. Targeted programs of the Master plan

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020

6. “Supporting university R&D” program

Rationale

As the science and technological advancements approaches its peak in XXI century,

the role of higher education in society has been becoming increasingly important.

This trend which emerged independent from government policy regulations or

support has now become the role model of global development evolution.

This program focuses on enhancing the role higher education sector in R&D sector

development based on analyzes of developed countries’ actions with respect to

facilitating universities toward S&T and education sector development.

Using global trends as a model, enhancing the role of universities in the National

S&T policy in the areas of education, knowledge creation and production is essential

for social welfare.

Goal

The goals of this program are: enhancing the R&D development of higher education

sector and strengthening academia-science-industry collaboration.

Program activities

A) “Ensuring higher education legal environment” subprogram development and

implementation (2007-2008)

• Developing the guiding principles of higher education legal environment

• Developing and implementing legal documents of higher education sector

B) “Strengthening laboratories and facilities supply” program (2007-2012)

• Setting R&D priorities of each universities and identifying the necessary

technology or equipment to facilitate the implementation of these priorities

• Establishing a large-scale shared laboratory with necessary equipment

• Providing top researchers or research teams who are conducting advanced

R&D’s with necessary equipments

• Developing a long-term plan toward a sustainable supply of laboratories and

facilities, ensuring its funding from annual government budget necessary

for its implementation

C) Improving the quality of education of master’s and doctorate’s programs

(2007-2015)

• Establishing a mechanism to coordinate graduate programs with basic and

applied researches (program to provide graduate scholarship)

• Providing stimuli to support continuous heritage of scholar school (program

to fund post-doctoral R&D and provide top young scientists with advanced

equipments).

D) Initiating innovation activities in higher education sector (2007-2015)

• Encouraging active participation of researchers and university professors

in the establishment of the industry park and the growth of gross domestic

production

• Attracting non-government sources of funding the higher education sector

R&D

• Identify and utilize a mechanism to support S&T and innovation activities in

higher education system

• Assessing S&T and innovation output in the higher education sector

Outputs

Major outputs by successfully implementing this program include: Improved supply

of laboratories and facilities, increased competitive level of national researchers,

and improved quality of products and services.

Program profile

1. Program title “Supporting university R&D” program (2007-2015)

2. Legal rationale

- Government policy on S&T (1998)

- Education law (2002)

3. Contractor Ministry of Education, Culture and Science

4. Challenges to be

addressed

- Establishing a favorable legal environment for freedom of

scholarship

- Enhancing the role of universities in the S&T and higher

education sector

- Ensuring scholars’ institutional memory and heritage by

strengthening university-research institute collaboration and

coordination

- Strengthening science-industry collaboration

5. Program goals and

objectives

Enhancing the R&D development of higher education sector and

strengthening academia-science-industry collaboration

6. Timeframe

and stages of

implementation

- Strengthening laboratories and facilities supply, 2007-2012

- Improving the competitive level of University R&D, integration

of education and research, 2010-2015

7. Program activities

- Ensuring higher education legal environment subprogram

development and implementation

- Strengthening laboratories and facilities supply program

- Improving the quality of education of master’s and doctorate’s

programs

- Initiating innovation activities in higher education sector

8. Outputs

- Improved supply of laboratories and facilities

- Increased competitive level of national researchers

- Improved quality of products and services.

9. The entity

responsible for

implementation

- Ministry of Education, Culture and Science; Ministry of Finance

- National S&T Foundation

- National University of Mongolia, Mongolian University of S&T,

University of Agriculture, University of Medical Science

ANNEX 2. Targeted programs of the Master plan

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020

ANNEX 3. S&T and innovation indicators

Indicators

I. R&D funding and expenditure

1. Government expenditure on R&D (GERD)

2. Non-government expenditure on R&D

3. Higher education expenditure on R&D

4. Business enterprise expenditure on R&D

5. GERD, 2000 prices

6. GERD as a percentage of GDP

7. Government expenditure on R&D as a percentage of GDP

8. Non-government expenditure on R&D as a percentage of GDP

9. Higher education expenditure on R&D as a percentage of GDP

10. Business enterprise expenditure on R&D as a percentage of GDP

11. Percentage of GERD financed by government

12. Percentage of GERD financed by non-government sources

13. Percentage of GERD financed by industry

14. GERD per capita

15. Expenditure on basic research as a percentage of GERD

16. Expenditure on applied research as a percentage of GERD

17. Expenditure on experimental development as a percentage of GERD

18. Expenditure on basic research as percentage of Government expenditure on R&D

19. Expenditure on applied research as percentage of Government expenditure on R&D

20.

Expenditure on experimental development as percentage of Government expenditure

on R&D

21.

Expenditure on basic research as a percentage of non-government expenditure on

R&D

22.

Expenditure on applied research as a percentage of non-government expenditure on

R&D

23.

Expenditure on experimental development as percentage of non-government

expenditure on R&D

24.

Expenditure on basic research as a percentage of higher education expenditure on

R&D

25.

Expenditure on applied research as a percentage of higher education expenditure on

R&D

26.

Expenditure on experimental development as percentage of higher education

expenditure on R&D

27.

Expenditure on basic research as a percentage of business enterprise expenditure on

R&D

28.

Expenditure on applied research as a percentage of business enterprise expenditure

on R&D

29.

Expenditure on experimental development as percentage of business enterprise

expenditure on R&D

30. Gross domestic expenditure on high-technology R&D (GEHTRD)

31. GEHTRD as a percentage of GERD

32. Percentage of GEHTRD finance by government

33. Percentage of GEHTRD finance by non-government sources

34. Percentage of GEHTRD finance by industry

II. Human resources

35. Total S&T personnel

36. Total researchers

37. Total researchers in public research institutes

38. Total researchers in higher education organizations

39. Total R&D personnel in business enterprises

40. Total researchers in public research institutes as percentage of total researchers

41.

Total researchers in higher education organizations as a percentage of total

researchers

42. Total R&D personnel in business enterprises as a percentage of total researchers

43. Total researchers in public research institutes per thousand total employment

44. Total researchers in higher education organizations per thousand total employment

45. Total R&D personnel in business enterprises per thousand total employment

46. Total researchers with PhD’s

47. Total researchers with PhD’s as a percentage of total researchers

ANNEX 3. S&T and innovation indicators

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020

48. Total researchers with PhD’s as a percentage of total PhD’s

49. Total researchers with high-technology training and education

50.

Total researchers who underwent through additional training as a percentage of total

researchers

51. Total researchers under the age of 40

52.

Total researchers under the age of 40 as a percentage of total researchers

III. International collaboration

53.

Number of collaboration contracts and agreements in S&T sector with foreign and

international countries and organizations

54. GERD financed by abroad (thousand U$)

55. GERD financed by abroad as a percentage of total GERD

56. Total research projects implemented through foreign collaboration

57. Total foreign joint projects as a percentage of total domestic projects

58. Total S&T joint seminars and workshops conducted

59. Total presentations at international S&T seminars

60.

Total research and experimental laboratories established through international

collaboration

61. Total Mongolian researchers trained in foreign countries

62.

Total researchers who received education degrees through international

collaboration

63. Total international joint exhibitions

64. Total outputs through joint research projects

65. Total patents registered through joint research project results

66. Total patents as a percentage of total joint research project results

IV. Research laboratories and equipment supply

67. Total research laboratories

68. Total laboratories with accreditation

69. Total experimental laboratories and centers

70.

Total research institutes with internet connections as a percentage of total research

institutes

71. Percentage of research equipment renovation (compared to 2006)

V. S&T activity output

72. Total publications

73. Total publications abroad

74. Total publications abroad as a percentage of total publications

75. Total subjects published

76. Total subjects published as a percentage of total publications

77. Total subjects published abroad

78. Total subjects published abroad as a percentage of total subjects published

79. Total research articles

80. Total articles published in journals with high impact factor

81. Total articles as a percentage of total publications

82. Total articles published abroad as a percentage of total articles

83. Total S&T presentations in domestic and international seminars

84. Total S&T presentations as a percentage of total publications

85. Total S&T presentations at international seminars and meetings

86.

Total S&T presentations at international seminars and meetings as a percentage of

total S&T presentations

87. Number of total applications for patents (per 10,000 population)

88. Number of total patents

89. Number of patents in the ICT sector as a percentage of total patents

90. Number of patents in the biotechnology sector as a percentage of total patents

91. Number of patents in the nano-technology sector as a percentage of total patents

92. Number of triadic patents

93. Number of high technologies developed

94. Developed high technologies as a percentage of total developed technologies

95. Number of license agreements

96. Intellectual property utilization index

ANNEX 3. S&T and innovation indicators

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020

ADDITIONAL ANNEXES. Other findings and documents used for the

development of S&T Master Plan in 2007-2020

ANNEX A. Proposed Activity plan in 2007-2010 ii

ANNEX B. Restructuring legal environment for

innovation activities vi

ANNEX C. Models of National Innovation System (NIS)

development and distinctive features of

innovation policy implementation of other countries vii

ANNEX D. Comparative review of S&T development documents

and strategies of other countries x

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ANNEX A. ACTIVITY PLAN IN 2007-2010.

This section includes activities for the I stage (2007-2010) of the Master plan.

Projected activities (Table 7.1.) include activities to achieve the goals and objectives,

legal documents and its objectives, and the organizations to responsible for

implementations. This chapter also contains the targeted programs (Table 7.2.)

which consist of program components and outputs.

Table 7.1. Projected activities of the Master plan in stage I

(2007-2010)

¹ Activities

Type of

document

Docu-

ment

develop-

ment

time-

frame

Implemen-

tation

period

Responsible

parties

I. Creating a competitive R&D sector, establish an environment for further

development.

Establish a monitoring

system, that is

independent from a

Ministry mandate,

for public research

institutes’ activities

Review and assess

organizational

structure

Submit to the

Government an action

plan to reform and

modify the structure

Government

decree

2008 2008-2010

MECS, other

ministries,

MAS, public

research

organizations

Coordinate and manage

government-financed

basic researches,

develop a monitoring

mechanism

Government

decree

2008 2008-2009

MECS, MAS,

public research

organizations

• Develop rules and

regulations on legal

environment of

National research

centers and

laboratories

• Develop and

implement a

policy document

to establish a

structure with

S&T, innovation,

human resource

capacities

Government

decree

2009 2009-2010 MECS, MAS

Develop a program on

strengthening research

laboratories

Government

decree

2008 2008-2011

MECS, MAS,

public research

organizations

ADDITIONAL ANNEXES

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020

Develop a policy

document on linking

and coordinating “S&T-

academia”

Order by the

Minister of

Education,

Culture and

Science

2007 2008-2010 MECS

Renew the list of

research organizations,

undertake the asset

inventory

Updated list

of research

organizations

2007 from 2008

MECS, State

Property

Committee

7. Update the R&D

priorities

Government

decree

Every

two

years

2007-2010

MECS, MAS,

public research

organizations

Develop a proposal

on advancing the

statistical system of

research organizations,

regardless of the

organization’s entity

Government

decree

2008 2008-2010

MECS, National

Statistical

Office of

Mongolia,

research

organizations

II. Adopting an effective national innovation system

Implementing

innovation activities,

amend the legal

documents supporting

innovation activities,

and coordinate the

activities

Legal

document

drafts

2008 2008-2010

MECS, MoIC,

other ministries

MAS, research

organizations

10.

Implementing

activities to establish

national innovation

infrastructure

Rules and

regulations

2009 2009-2010

MECS, MoIC,

MoF, other

11.

Develop a program to

develop an innovation

infrastructure in the

S&T sector

Program

draft

2009-

2010

2009-2010

MECS, MAS,

research

organizations

12.

Organize an exhibition

of innovation products

and technologies,

develop a proposal

to enhance the

Government support on

innovation activities

Draft

Government

decree

Every

two

years

2008-2010

MECS, MoIC,

MoF, other

13.

Develop the system

to train specialists in

innovation activities

Draft order by

the Minister

of Education,

Culture and

Science

2008 2009-2010 MECS

III. Establishing a legal environment and a system to utilize and protect R&D

results

14.

Develop a draft law

on the protection of

government financed

R&D results

Draft Law 2009 2009-2010

MECS,

Intellectual

Property

Organization of

Mongolia

iii

BIBLIOGRAPHY

15.

Develop a program

on establishing S&T

information network

Program

draft

2007-

2008

2007-2010

MECS,

Intellectual

Property

Organization

of Mongolia,

National S&T

Foundation

16.

Training personnel to

specialize in intellectual

property activities

(innovation manager;

patent researcher,

lawyer, judge, and

evaluator)

Program

draft

2008 2008-2010

MECS,

Intellectual

Property

Organization

of Mongolia,

National S&T

Foundation

IV. Reform the economy based on technological innovation

17.

Develop a proposal on

S&T and innovation

development with

the participation of

science and business

representatives

Report

submission

to the

Government

2007 2008-2010

MECS, MoIC,

MoF, other

18.

Develop a proposal on

tax reduction of imports

and exports of high-

technology products

Report

submission

to the

Government

2008 2009-2010

MECS, MoIC,

MoF, other

19.

Develop a plan

on certification of

innovation products

in consistent with

international standards

Draft plan 2009 2009-2010

MoIC, MoF,

National Center

of Standardi-

zation and

Metrology

20. Develop a strategic plan

on technologies

Strategic

targeted

programs

drafts

2008-

2009

2007-2010

MECS, MoIC,

MoF, other

21.

 Develop a

methodology to

measure innovation

activities and to

set indicators to

evaluate those

activities

 Establish a

monitoring and

evaluation system

on economic

impact of

innovation activities

Proposal

to the

Government

2008-

2009

2007-2010

MECS, MoF,

MAS, other

22.

Develop a proposal on

improving innovation

statistics and

indicators

Report

submission

to the

Government

2008 2008-2010

MECS, MoF,

National

Statistical

Office of

Mongolia, MAS,

other

ADDITIONAL ANNEXES

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020

23.

Monitor and focus

on the objectives and

performance indicators

of the II stage (2011-

2015) of the Master

plan actions

Make

changes and

revisions in

the action

plan

2009-

2010

from 2011

MECS, MoF,

MAS, other

24.

Develop an action and

activity plan for the

period 2011-2015

Action plan

draft

2010 from 2011

MECS, MoF,

MAS, other

V. Enhance the S&T international cooperation

25.

Develop a proposal on

increasing the official

aid assistance and

investment – from

foreign countries

and international

organizations – on the

development of S&T

priorities of Mongolia

Government

decree draft

2007 2008-2010 MECS, MoF

26.

Identify the main areas

of international S&T

collaboration

 The areas of S&T

collaboration with

foreign countries

and regions

 Conduct a

research on

researchers who

are studying and/

or working abroad,

and input this

information in a

database network

 Improve the

laboratory capacity

 Train young

researchers

Order by the

Minister of

Education,

Culture and

Science

2007

-2008

2008-2010

MECS, MoIC,

MAS, research

organizations

27.

Develop a proposal on

providing financial and

taxation stimuli for the

adoption of advanced

technologies in the form

of foreign investment;

establishing a joint

factory; purchasing of

license, know-how, and

equipment

Law drafts

2008

-2009

2009-2010

MECS, MoIC,

MoF,

Mongolian

Tax

Administration

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ANNEX B. Restructuring legal environment for innovation activities

In the I stage of the implementation of Master plan, it is planned to amend the S&T

law, Law on technology transfer and General law of taxation, and consequently,

initiate Innovation law aimed to promote innovation activities and restructuring a

legal environment for innovation activities. The amendments are as follows:

1. S&T law:

• Include the concept of “national innovation system,” “innovation,”

“innovation activities,” “innovation infrastructure”

• Government financed S&T results to be owned by the implemented

organization unless it does not contradict to other laws, agreements, and

contracts

• Include the concept of small and medium innovation enterprises; define the

Government’s role in supporting them

• Legal status of the national research center laboratory.

2. Law on technology transfer

• To allow the transfer of government financed intellectual property rights

to a third party, with the permissions from the implementing entity and

sponsor

3. General law of taxation

• To allow the value added and other tax exemptions of organizations that

procure new technologies and equipments aimed to promote innovation

activities

4. Law supporting innovation activities

• Objectives of the Law

• Key concepts (government policy on innovation, innovation activity, innovation,

program to support innovation, innovation project, innovation infrastructure,

innovation organization, technology incubator, innovation foundation)

• Objectives and core issues of government policy on innovation

• Principles of government policy on innovation

• The approaches of government support on innovation

• Parties in the innovation activities

• The role of government agencies and organizations in the implementation

of government policy on innovation

• Innovation programs

• Funding innovation activities

• Government contract to produce innovation products and services

• International collaboration on innovation activities

1 Strategy of the Russian Federation to develop science and innovation for the period to

2010 (2005)

ADDITIONAL ANNEXES

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020

ANNEX C. Models of National Innovation System (NIS) development and

distinctive features of innovation policy implementation of other countries

I. Conceptual approaches to NIS development

Theoretical frameworks and models of NIS development can be classified as

follows:

1. Market – evolutionary

This scenario assumes a “natural” establishment of NIS.

Under this scenario government policy follows two tasks:

1) Continuous government support on training science workforce and

support on basic and applied researches as the producer of “public

well-being” and environment which is necessary for establishing a

NIS market environment.

2) Reducing the obstacles en route for innovation and establishing

stimuli of private sector demand on innovation activities. This

includes improving the legal environment of innovation, and

increasing technology and innovation investments through taxation

incentives.

The aspect of this approach is that government refuses to establish an institutional

structure of a new NIS. Under this strategy, the Government policy should be

directed toward improved effectiveness of government budget expenditures.

The most likely turns of events under this scenario are: preservation of “compressed”

education and basic science system; development of “corporate science” segment

which concentrates on a limited numbers of large transnational corporations;

establishment of a network of small enterprises.

Main risks: sectors of NIS will remain uncoordinated (lack of interactions between

government and non-government sectors of education and basic research due to

absence of applied researches), increased dependence on of economy on foreign

technologies; obsolete of technologies, increase in drift of skilled workforce to other

countries.

2. Market – radical

This scenario suggests a more accelerated approach of the first scenario. Its

essence is that the Government is responsible for funding the R&D’s that are

essential for the Government functions. Here the system of government-financed

R&D is radically changed, and funding is distributed based on project tender

competitions. At the same time, the remaining financial resources are utilized

to support industrial R&D and innovation activities which should stimulate the

demands of private sectors in innovation activities.

This method is likely to cause: rapid decrease in the Government-financed research

areas, orientation of funding sources from different sectors – sector and abroad;

accelerated increase in R&D expenditure of private sectors; increase in number of

divisions that are in charge of R&D.

vii

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Main risks: possible extinction of government-financed basic researches, decline

in S&T personnel, slow development of innovation firms that generate valuable

innovation products and technologies.

3. Institutional structural

This approach is based on an assumption that the current elements of NIS are

effective, only, there is a lack of a mechanism that links them. Therefore, the

rationale of this scenario is to establish and develop the missing elements.

The most likely turns of events under this scenario: broader innovation infrastructure;

development of new fragmented elements of NIS; increased dependence of NIS on

government support; distribution of government budget in many areas.

Main risks: Adopting innovation institutions of foreign countries will not lead

to successful establishment of highly competitive NIS; possible errors when

identifying and developing the framework of elements of NIS; producing new forms

of various elements could have a negative impact on improving the quality of already

established elements of NIS.

4. Innovation - active

This scenario is based a concept that offer creates demand, and industry’s low

demand on innovation is caused by the lack offers on of innovation product. In this

case, it is essential to increase expenditures on commercialization of advanced

technologies.

Main risks: Absence of demand on advanced commercial technologies – due to

out-of-date technologies in industrial sectors, advanced technologies are less

adaptable; introducing new technologies could lead to decelerate the development

of higher technologies.

5. “Knowledge – active”

Although it is similar to the previous approach, this scenario has more emphasis

on the beginning cycle of innovation and innovation education. The basis of this

approach – intensive investment in human capital in order to create an “innovation

human,” who will lean towards innovation and new knowledge, regardless of where

he is working – industry, science, government, etc.. This should solve the issue of

demand-offer link, and creates the need to establish various innovation institutes.

Main risks: The process of training innovation specialists takes time; even more

time could be required to train personnel to the extend where they are able to

effectively govern an organization. This scenario is more effective in the long run.

ADDITIONAL ANNEXES

viii

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020

II. Characteristics of innovation policy in other countries

Innovation policy of a country, as rule, does not comply to a particular theoretical

model. Usually, it consists of set of activities in different directions which depend on

the country’s distinctive features.

The following are the directions of innovation policy in other countries:

Innovation policy

directions

Specifics Countries

Optimizing the

structure of NIS

Optimizing administration and

planning of NIS

Japan, Norway, India, Chile

Optimizing government funding

in the science and innovation

sectors

USA, France, UK, Denmark,

Norway, Sweden, Taiwan,

Australia

Developing basic research UK, Sweden, Slovakia

Stimulating local

industry-science

innovation collaboration

Stimulating symmetrical contact

between universities and

business enterprises

USA, Finland

Large government investments

in science and innovation

sectors and attracting capital

from private sectors

Israel, Finland

Stimulating innovation activities

in private sectors by attracting

foreign capital in the innovation

sector

UK, Ireland, China, S. Korea,

Malaysia, India, Israel

Stimulating innovation initiatives

of science sector

Germany, Japan, New

Zealand, Denmark

Integration into

international network of

innovation

Complex integration Finland, Israel, Holland, China

Technological specialization

S. Korea, Malaysia, Singapore,

Taiwan, India

Developing local

innovation network

Establishing favorable conditions

for developing a link in the

innovation sector

USA, Norway, Ireland

Stimulating initiatives of national

regions

France, Germany, Finland

Establishing NIS

Restructuring government

sector of science

Bulgaria, Poland, Lithuania

Initiate integration of science

and education

Lithuania, Estonia, Czech

Republic

Attracting SMEs in innovation

activities

Romania, Czech Republic

Setting priority export areas in

technology sector

Czech Republic, Romania,

Chile, Turkey

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ANNEX D. Comparative review of S&T development documents and

strategies of other countries

1. Japan

Title: “Science and Technology Basic Plan 2004”

Comments: The first S&T basic plan of Japan (1996-2000) was successfully

implemented where governmental expenditure on R&D was estimated as around

17 trillion yen for the five-year period. In December of 2000, S&T council of Japan

has recommended to prepare and implement second basic plan. Consequently, in

January of 2001, Prime Minister of Japan has ordered the implementation of this

plan.

Implementation period: 2001-2005

Document contents: S&T policy document of Japan comprises of three major

parts.

1. Basic Concepts

2. Basic Policies

3. Missions of the Council for Science and Technology Policy

Vision:  A nation contributing to the world by creation and utilization of

scientific knowledge

 A nation with international competitiveness and ability of

sustainable development

 A nation securing safety and quality of life

Guiding strategy:  Promotion of Basic Researches

    Prioritization of R&D on national/social subjects

Activity framework: Basic plan focuses on 8 S&T areas; each area contains 5-

year objectives and activities

 Life science

 Information and telecommunications

 The environmental sciences

 Nanotechnology and materials science/technology

 Energy

 Manufacturing technology

 Infrastructure

 Frontier — outer space and the oceans

Funding: the total amount of the Governmental R&D expenditure is estimated

about 24 trillion yen in the fiscal year 2001-2005, or approximately 220 billion

US$. This is equivalent to 21% of total R&D expenditure. Japan’s R&D expenditure

equaled to 3.35% of their GDP.

The implementing organization: S&T Council

Implementation management: Prime Minister is the head of the S&T Council.

The council is responsible for evaluation of S&T policies of each ministry and for

developing basic policies and implementing measures. The council, also, requests

submission of implementation plans and continuously examines how to implement

R&D activities in Japan.

ADDITIONAL ANNEXES

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020

2. Estonia

Title: Assessment of the Estonian Research Development Technology and

Innovation Funding System

Comments: Nearly all of funding for S&T activities of Estonia derive from

government budget. The document emphasized that S&T funding system is the

main critical issue of the sector. Thus, R&D and innovation funding assessment has

been conducted by University of Manchester.

Implementation period: 2002-2006

Document contents:

 Methodology

 The Estonian Research Development Technology and Innovation Funding

system

 Problems and options for change

 Scenarios

Vision: Estonia is knowledge-based society, the success and prosperity of which

crucially depend on research, innovation and knowledge related skills

Guiding strategy:

 increase in the state financing;

 increased participation of private and oversees capital;

 ensuring the effectiveness, transparency and social and economic benefits

of public funding for research.

Activity framework: within the framework of R&D, technology, and innovation

funding system.

The implementing organization: Research and Innovation Funding Council,

Ministry of Education and Research, Ministry of Economy and Communication.

Implementation management: R&D Council of Estonian government is

responsible for providing strategic recommendations, implementing government

R&D objectives, and advising on budget planning and its distribution. Ministry

of Education and Research, and Ministry of Economy and Communication are

responsible for the implementation of this document.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

3. Maldives

Title: Republic of Maldives Science and Technology Master Plan

Although Republic of Maldives have a population of only 400,000, the Ministry

of Communication and S&T has developed S&T Master plan with 600,000 US$

assistance from ADB.

Implementation period: 2001-2010

Document contents: The S&T Master Plan contains three main parts.

 Goals methodology and participants

 Analyses of S&T capacity and needs

 Programme alternatives

Activity framework: This plan focuses on the development of the following

economic and social sectors with support of S&T sector.

 Information technology

 Telecommunications

 Fisheries

 Education

 Health

 Tourism

 Transport

 Energy

Funding: The document contains 23 programs with different timeframe, funding

amount, and implementing organizations. Some programs do not require additional

funding, only regulatory changes. Additional funding to execute all the programs

totaled approximately US$4.5 million.

Implementing organization: Ministry of Communication, Science and Technology,

other ministries, universities, and research institutes and centers.

Implementation management: Maldives S&T Master plan was developed with

consideration of sector stakeholders’ (research organizations, NGO’s, and industry)

suggestions. Consequently, the stakeholders have their stake the implementation

of the programs.

4. Russian Federation

Title: Strategy of the Russian federation to develop science and

innovation for the period to 2010

Comments: Compared to policy documents of other countries, this was the most

comprehensive plan. The plan contained specific objectives with detailed action plans

and programs each of which contained certain output results and indicators.

Implementation period: 2005-2010

ADDITIONAL ANNEXES

xii

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020

Document contents:

 Current situation and issues

 A mechanism to resolve current issues

 Distribution of tasks to implement strategies

 Critical issues

 Strategy implementation period and stages

 Science and innovation sector development funding

 Implementation progress monitoring

Vision: Russian R&D will have a capacity to meet the demands of national security,

and will be a globally competitive nation

Implementation strategy: The strategic document of Russia has two proposed

action scenarios: 1) Inertia scenario 2) Active scenario

Inertia scenario’s strategy consists of 1) Supporting R&D that facilitates

development of technologies of economic importance, and 2) enhancing import

technologies. Strategies of active scenario include improving competitive level

of critical sectors of R&D, establishing an effective innovation system, modifying

technologies of economic sectors by supporting the development of national

technology priorities.

Activity framework:

R&D capacity, National innovation system, Intellectual property rights utilization,

and Technology innovation

Funding: The plan proposes two scenarios of funding

scenario (minimum level)

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

55,3 64,0 77,7 92,4 112,9 137,2 160,8

2nd scenario (feasible scenario)

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

55,3 64,0 88,2 116,5 146,5 179,7 194,6

Implementing organization: Ministry of Education and Science, other ministries

Implementation management: Ministry of Education and Science will be the

coordinating and monitoring organization of activities.

xiii

BIBLIOGRAPHY

5. Philippines

Title: The National Science and Technology Plan for 2002-2020

Implementation period: 2002-2020

Document contents: The document is comprised of seven parts

 Planning environment

 Assessment of past S&T plans

 Visions for Philippine S&T

 Goals for Philippine S&T

 Strategies for S&T

 Long-term area thrusts

 Programs for 2002-2004

Vision: The following S&T states are envisioned for the Philippines at the end of

each plan period

 By 2004, S&T shall have contributed significantly to the enhancement of

national productivity and competitiveness, and to the solution of pressing

national problems.

 By 2010, the Philippines shall have carved some niches and become a

world-class knowledge provider and user in selected S&T areas; it shall

also have developed a vibrant Filipino S&T culture.

 By 2020, the Philippines shall have developed a wide range of globally

competitive products and services which have high technology content.

Guiding concepts: Addressing pressing national problems; Development of

human resources; Provision of support to industry particularly SMEs; Accelerating

technology transfer and utilization; Building/upgrading of S&T infrastructure;

Strengthening of government-industry-academe-civil society in international

linkages; improvement of S&T governance; Promotion/popularization of S&T.

S&T areas: Agriculture, forestry and natural resources; Health/medical sciences;

Biotechnology; Information and communications technology; Microelectronics;

Materials science and engineering; Earth and marine sciences; Fisheries and

aquaculture; Environment; Natural disaster mitigation; Energy; Manufacturing and

process engineering.

Funding:

2000-01 2004 2010 2020

% of private sector R&D

expenditures to total national R&D

expenditures

22% 25% 30% 40%

% of total R&D expenditures to GDP 0.15% 0.30% 1.00% 2.00%

Implementing organization: S&T Coordinating Council

Implementation management: The S&T Coordination Council consists of

government and industry representatives. The council is responsible for coordinating

and implementation of the plan, and annually reports to the president the progress

of implementation and the final results.

ADDITIONAL ANNEXES

xiv

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020

Japan Estonia Maldives Russian Federation Philippines

Vision

 A nation contributing

to the world by

creation and utilization

of scientific knowledge

 A nation with

international

competitiveness and

ability of sustainable

development

 A nation securing

safety and quality of

life

Estonia is

knowledge-based

society, the success

and prosperity

of which crucially

depend on research,

innovation and

knowledge related

skills

n/a

Russian R&D will have

a capacity to meet the

demands of national

security, and will be

a globally competitive

nation

 By 2004, S&T shall have

contributed significantly

to the enhancement of

national productivity and

competitiveness, and to the

solution of pressing national

problems.

 By 2010, the Philippines shall

have carved some niches

and become a world-class

knowledge provider and user

in selected S&T areas; it shall

also have developed a vibrant

Filipino S&T culture.

 By 2020, the Philippines

shall have developed a wide

range of globally competitive

products and services which

have high technology content.

Goals

 strategic priority

setting in S&T

 S&T system reform

to create excellent

achievement

 internationalization of

S&T activities

 to update the

knowledge pool

 to increase the

competitiveness of

enterprises

n/a

 Increase R&D expenditure:

up to 2% of GDP

 Strengthening the prestige

of science in Russia

 Enhancing patent

activities, improving R&D

results

 Sustainable growth

in numbers of small

innovation enterprises

 Enhancing innovation

activities in the economy

 Increase the numbers of

innovation products

 World-class universities in

S&T

 A well developed S&T-based

SME sector

 Internationally recognized

Filipino scientists and

engineers

 The Philippines as a model

in S&T management and

governance

Implementation

period

2001-2005 2002-2006 2001-2010 2005-2010 2002-2010

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Implementing

organization

Council for Science and

Technology Policy

Research and

Innovation Funding

Council, Ministry

of Education and

Research, Ministry

of Economy and

Communication

Ministry of

Communication,

Science and

Technology, other

Ministries, universities,

and research

organizations

Ministry of Education and

Science, other ministries

S&T Coordinating Council

Document

contents

1. Basic Concepts

2. Basic Policies

3. Missions of the

Council for Science

and Technology Policy

1. Methodology

2. The Estonian

Research

Development

Technology

and Innovation

Funding system

3. Problems and

options for change

4. Scenarios

1. Goals methodology

and participants

2. Analyses of S&T

capacity and needs

3. Programme

alternatives

1. Current situation and

issues

2. A mechanism to resolve

current issues

3. Distribution of tasks to

implement strategies

4. Critical issues

5. Strategy implementation

period and stages

6. Science and innovation

sector development

funding

7. Implementation progress

monitoring

1. Planning environment

2. Assessment of past S&T

plans

3. Visions for Philippine S&T

4. Goals for Philippine S&T

5. Strategies for S&T

6. Long-term area thrusts

7. Programs for 2002-2004

R&D

expenditure as

a percentage of

GDP

3.35% 0.7% n/a 1.28% 0.15%

ADDITIONAL ANNEXES

xvi

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MASTER PLAN OF MONGOLIA 2007-2020

Framework

 Life science

 Information and

telecommunications

 The environmental

sciences

 Nanotechnology and

materials science/

technology

 Energy

 Manufacturing

technology

 Infrastructure

 Frontier — outer

space and the oceans

Research

Development

Technology and

Innovation Funding

System

 Information

technology

 Telecommuni-

cations

 Fisheries

 Education

 Health

 Tourism

 Transport

 Energy

 R&D capacity

 National innovation

system

 Intellectual property

rights utilization

 Technology innovation

 Agriculture, forestry and

natural resources

 Health/medical sciences

 Biotechnology

 Information and

communications technology

 Microelectronics

 Materials science and

engineering

 Earth and marine sciences

 Fisheries and aquaculture

 Environment

 Natural disaster mitigation

 Energy

 Manufacturing and process

engineering

Priority areas

 Life science

 Information and

telecommunications

 The environmental

sciences

 Nanotechnology and

materials

 IT

 Biomedicine

 materials

technologies

 Information

technology



Telecommunications

 Fisheries

 Education

 Health

 Tourism

 Transport

 Energy

 Information and

telecommunications

technology and

electronics

 New materials and

chemical technology

 New transportation

technology

 Technologies of living

systems

 Ecology

 Energy technology

 Agriculture, forestry and

natural resources

 Health/medical sciences

 Biotechnology

 Information and

communications technology

 Microelectronics

 Materials science and

engineering

 Earth and marine sciences

 Fisheries and aquaculture

 Environment

 Natural disaster mitigation

 Energy

 Manufacturing and process

engineering

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