_The Jewish Sources of the Sermon on the Mount_, chapter X.
For a comparison of other parts of _Abot_ with the New
Testament see Feibig, _Pirque 'aboth_, especially the
_Nachwort_, pp. 42-43, and G. Friedlander, _ibid._, _passim_.
It seems that originally _Abot_ ended here, as in the
_Machzor Vitry_. The verses which follow were added from
other sources. See Bacher, _Agada der Tanaiten_, I, 378;
Taylor, _ibid._, p. 95, n. 46, p. 96, n. 47; Hoffmann, _Die
erste Mischna_, p. 30; _idem_, _Abot_, p. 358, notes 106 and
108; and Strack, _Spruche_, p. 46, notes _t_ and _u_.
(60) Taylor makes this verse an _addendum_ to chapter V, and
calls it "The Ages of Man." Cf. Shakespeare's "Seven Ages of
Man." See in the _Jewish Encyclopedia_, art. _Ages of Man in
Jewish Literature_, _The Seven_, and Schechter, _Studies_, I,
pp. 299-300.
(61) The _Mishnah_ is the oral or unwritten law based on the
written law contained in the Pentateuch (see chapter I, n. 1).
The _Mishnah_, _par excellence_, is the codification made by
Judah ha-Nasi (see chapter II, n. 1). It is divided into six
orders or sections known as _sedarim_. They are (1) _Zeraim_,
"seeds," which contains the laws regarding the cultivation of
the land and its products, introduced by a treatise concerning
prayer and benedictions (_Berachot_); (2) _Mode_, "festivals,"
treating of the laws of the Sabbath and the festivals; (3)
_Nashim_, "women," regulations concerning marriage and
divorce; (4) _Nezikin_, "injuries" or "damages," civil and
criminal law; (5) _Kodashim_, "holy things," the laws of
sacrifice and of the service of the Temple; and (6) _Tohorot_,
"purifications," dealing with the clean and the unclean. Each
order is subdivided into treatises (_massektot_), there being
in all 63 such subdivisions. The _Mishnah_ is known as the
_shas_ ([shin''samech]), which word is formed from the first
letters of the words _shishah sedarim_ (six orders). The
_Talmud_ is also similarly termed. For a discussion of the
name, origin, contents, compilation, etc., of the _Mishnah_,
see Mielziner, _Introduction to the Talmud_, p. 4 _et seq._;
art. _Mishnah_, in the _Jewish Encyclopedia_ and the
authorities cited there; Strack, _Einleitung_, p. 2, 15 _et
seq._, 22 _et seq._, and Geiger, _Judaism and its History_, p.
239 _et seq._
(62) At thirteen, the Jewish boy becomes _bar mitzwah_,
_i.e._, "a son of commandment." The rites and ceremonies
connected with the _bar mitzwah_ of to-day cannot "be clearly
traced earlier than the fourteenth century" (Abrahams, _Jewish
Life in the Middle Ages_, p. 32). See Schurer, _History_, II,
ii, p. 53 and n. 38; Schechter, _Studies_, I, p. 306 _et
seq._, and art. _Bar Mitzwah_, in _Jewish Encyclopedia_.
(63) Lit., "teaching," "learning," "study." Here, it
signifies study for the purpose of elucidating the _Mishnah_.
Some texts read, "for the study of the _Gemara_." The
_Gemara_ (from the Aramaic, meaning "learning," "completion")
is a collection of explanations and discussions on the
_Mishnah_. The word _Talmud_ was afterwards applied to the
_Mishnah_ plus the _Gemara_. There is a translation of the
_Talmud_ in English by Rodkinson, but it is free and